documents:external:our-american-government-2003
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documents:external:our-american-government-2003 [2019/10/04 23:01] – [71. When does a bill, introduced at the beginning of a Congress, become %%''%%dead%%''%% and no longer open to considerations?] Oliver Wolcott | documents:external:our-american-government-2003 [2019/11/15 20:20] – Oliver Wolcott | ||
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| 108TH CONGRESS | | 108TH CONGRESS | ||
| //1st Session// | | //1st Session// | ||
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<WRAP center round download 60%> | <WRAP center round download 60%> | ||
- | Download source: [[https:// | + | Download source: [[https:// |
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At the most basic level, the right to vote gives the citizen a chance to help select those who will ultimately be responsible for determining public policy. Beyond casting the ballot, a citizen may actively assist in nominating and electing preferred public officials through volunteer activities and campaign donations. The participation of citizens in the electoral process contributes greatly to the sense of legitimacy of the Government. | At the most basic level, the right to vote gives the citizen a chance to help select those who will ultimately be responsible for determining public policy. Beyond casting the ballot, a citizen may actively assist in nominating and electing preferred public officials through volunteer activities and campaign donations. The participation of citizens in the electoral process contributes greatly to the sense of legitimacy of the Government. | ||
- | Citizen involvement in the Government need not be manifested only during election campaigns. Legislators are accustomed to hearing from constituents expressing opinions about issues of the day, and procedures exist that mandate that executive agencies allow time for public comment before proposed regulations become final. Individuals may also join with others who hold similar views | + | Citizen involvement in the Government need not be manifested only during election campaigns. Legislators are accustomed to hearing from constituents expressing opinions about issues of the day, and procedures exist that mandate that executive agencies allow time for public comment before proposed regulations become final. Individuals may also join with others who hold similar views to make the most of their influence with Government on particular issues; this is how interest groups or political action committees are established and the lobbying process begins. |
- | + | ||
- | to make the most of their influence with Government on particular issues; this is how interest groups or political action committees are established and the lobbying process begins. | + | |
==== 4. What contributions has our country made to the institution of government? ==== | ==== 4. What contributions has our country made to the institution of government? ==== | ||
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**MEMBERS, OFFICES, AND STAFF** | **MEMBERS, OFFICES, AND STAFF** | ||
- | ==== 15.What qualifications are prescribed for a Member of Congress ==== | + | ==== 15. What qualifications are prescribed for a Member of Congress ==== |
The Constitution (Article 1, Section 2 for the House and Section 3 for the Senate) prescribes qualifications for Members of Congress. | The Constitution (Article 1, Section 2 for the House and Section 3 for the Senate) prescribes qualifications for Members of Congress. | ||
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==== 21. What is a Delegate or Resident Commissioner, | ==== 21. What is a Delegate or Resident Commissioner, | ||
- | The office of Delegate was established by ordinance from the Continental Congress (177489) and confirmed by a law of Congress. From the beginning of the Republic, accordingly, | + | The office of Delegate was established by ordinance from the Continental Congress (1774-89) and confirmed by a law of Congress. From the beginning of the Republic, accordingly, |
==== 22. What oath of office is required for Members of Congress, and when is it administered? | ==== 22. What oath of office is required for Members of Congress, and when is it administered? | ||
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The Capitol Hill office complex includes offices for House and Senate leaders and officers and for certain committees in the Capitol building itself, plus five House office buildings and three Senate office buildings, plus additional rented space in commercial office buildings near Union Station, north of the Capitol. | The Capitol Hill office complex includes offices for House and Senate leaders and officers and for certain committees in the Capitol building itself, plus five House office buildings and three Senate office buildings, plus additional rented space in commercial office buildings near Union Station, north of the Capitol. | ||
- | The three main House office buildings are located on Independence Avenue, south of the Capitol. Proceeding from east to west, the three buildings are the Cannon House Office Building, completed in 1908; the Longworth House Office Building, completed in 1933; and the Rayburn House Office Building, completed in 1965. The buildings are named for the Speakers of the House at the time the construction of the buildings was authorized. In these buildings are located the personal offices of each Member of the House, as well as the offices of House standing committees. Two additional buildings were purchased in 1957 and 1975 for use by the House for additional office space. The first building, on C Street behind the Cannon Office Building, was renamed the Thomas P. O' | + | The three main House office buildings are located on Independence Avenue, south of the Capitol. Proceeding from east to west, the three buildings are the Cannon House Office Building, completed in 1908; the Longworth House Office Building, completed in 1933; and the Rayburn House Office Building, completed in 1965. The buildings are named for the Speakers of the House at the time the construction of the buildings was authorized. In these buildings are located the personal offices of each Member of the House, as well as the offices of House standing committees. Two additional buildings were purchased in 1957 and 1975 for use by the House for additional office space. The first building, on C Street behind the Cannon Office Building, was renamed the Thomas P. O' |
The Senate office buildings are located on Constitution Avenue, northeast of the Capitol. The buildings were completed in 1909, 1958, and 1982, and are named in honor of influential 20th century | The Senate office buildings are located on Constitution Avenue, northeast of the Capitol. The buildings were completed in 1909, 1958, and 1982, and are named in honor of influential 20th century | ||
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==== 50. What are the different types of appropriation measures? ==== | ==== 50. What are the different types of appropriation measures? ==== | ||
- | Appropriations are provided in three different types of appropriation measures. Regular appropriation bills are a series of measures that together fund many Federal operations and programs for a fiscal year (October 1September 30). Each of the 13 subcommittees of the House and Senate Appropriations Committees manages one regular appropriation bill. A supplemental appropriation bill is a measure which provides funds if a need develops that is too urgent to be postponed until the next fiscal year. Finally, a continuing resolution is a measure that provides stopgap funding if Congress is | + | Appropriations are provided in three different types of appropriation measures. Regular appropriation bills are a series of measures that together fund many Federal operations and programs for a fiscal year (October 1September 30). Each of the 13 subcommittees of the House and Senate Appropriations Committees manages one regular appropriation bill. A supplemental appropriation bill is a measure which provides funds if a need develops that is too urgent to be postponed until the next fiscal year. Finally, a continuing resolution is a measure that provides stopgap funding if Congress is unable to complete action on one or more regular appropriation bills before the beginning of a fiscal year. |
- | + | ||
- | unable to complete action on one or more regular appropriation bills before the beginning of a fiscal year. | + | |
All regular appropriation bills as well as supplemental appropriation bills that fund more than a single agency or purpose are also referred to as general appropriation bills. | All regular appropriation bills as well as supplemental appropriation bills that fund more than a single agency or purpose are also referred to as general appropriation bills. | ||
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Sequestration is an across-the-board cut in Federal spending pursuant to a Presidential order. A sequestration order can only be issued if Congress fails to meet a budgetary requirement, | Sequestration is an across-the-board cut in Federal spending pursuant to a Presidential order. A sequestration order can only be issued if Congress fails to meet a budgetary requirement, | ||
- | 53. What are the powers of Congress as provided in the Constitution? | + | ==== 53. What are the powers of Congress as provided in the Constitution? |
The Constitution (Article 1, Section 8) empowers Congress to levy taxes, collect revenue, pay debts, and provide for the general welfare; borrow money; regulate interstate and foreign commerce; establish uniform rules of naturalization and bankruptcy; coin money and regulate its value; punish counterfeiters; | The Constitution (Article 1, Section 8) empowers Congress to levy taxes, collect revenue, pay debts, and provide for the general welfare; borrow money; regulate interstate and foreign commerce; establish uniform rules of naturalization and bankruptcy; coin money and regulate its value; punish counterfeiters; | ||
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The Constitution gives to Congress the authority to declare war; this has occurred on only five occasions since 1789, the most recent being World War II. But the President, as Commander in Chief, has implied powers to commit the Nation' | The Constitution gives to Congress the authority to declare war; this has occurred on only five occasions since 1789, the most recent being World War II. But the President, as Commander in Chief, has implied powers to commit the Nation' | ||
- | The War Powers Resolution, enacted on November 7, 1973, as Public Law 93148, also tried to clarify these respective roles of the President and Congress in cases involving the use of armed forces without a declaration of war. The President is expected to consult with Congress before using the armed forces %%'' | + | The War Powers Resolution, enacted on November 7, 1973, as Public Law 93148, also tried to clarify these respective roles of the President and Congress in cases involving the use of armed forces without a declaration of war. The President is expected to consult with Congress before using the armed forces %%'' |
**CONGRESSIONAL RULES AND PROCEDURES** | **CONGRESSIONAL RULES AND PROCEDURES** | ||
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==== 67. How are record votes taken in Congress? ==== | ==== 67. How are record votes taken in Congress? ==== | ||
- | Most votes are taken by a simple voice method, in which the yeas and nays are called out, respectively, | + | Most votes are taken by a simple voice method, in which the yeas and nays are called out, respectively, |
- | + | ||
- | Constitution simply provides that %%'' | + | |
==== 68. Are there time limitations on debate in Congress? ==== | ==== 68. Are there time limitations on debate in Congress? ==== | ||
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==== 91. What is meant by the " | ==== 91. What is meant by the " | ||
- | It had been the custom whereby a member who served longest on the majority side of a committee became its chairman or if on the minority, its ranking member. Members were ranked from the | + | It had been the custom whereby a member who served longest on the majority side of a committee became its chairman or if on the minority, its ranking member. Members were ranked from the chairman or ranking member down, according to length of service on the committee. |
- | + | ||
- | chairman or ranking member down, according to length of service on the committee. | + | |
Modifications—including party practices, term limits on chairmanships, | Modifications—including party practices, term limits on chairmanships, | ||
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In addition to express powers, the President possesses powers that are not enumerated within the Constitution' | In addition to express powers, the President possesses powers that are not enumerated within the Constitution' | ||
- | For example, although the Constitution does not grant to the President express power to remove administrators from their offices, as the chief executive, the President holds power over executive branch officers, unless such removal power is limited by public law. The President, however, does not have such implied authority over officers in independent establishments. When President | + | For example, although the Constitution does not grant to the President express power to remove administrators from their offices, as the chief executive, the President holds power over executive branch officers, unless such removal power is limited by public law. The President, however, does not have such implied authority over officers in independent establishments. When President Franklin D. Roosevelt removed a member of the Federal Trade Commission, an independent regulatory agency, and not part of the executive branch, the Supreme Court, in 1935, ruled the removal invalid. |
- | + | ||
- | Franklin D. Roosevelt removed a member of the Federal Trade Commission, an independent regulatory agency, and not part of the executive branch, the Supreme Court, in 1935, ruled the removal invalid. | + | |
Another implied constitutional power is derived from the President' | Another implied constitutional power is derived from the President' | ||
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==== 100. Have many bills been vetoed by Presidents? ==== | ==== 100. Have many bills been vetoed by Presidents? ==== | ||
- | As of August 31, 2003, U.S. Presidents have vetoed 2,550 bills presented to them by Congress. Of that total number, 1,484 were | + | As of August 31, 2003, U.S. Presidents have vetoed 2,550 bills presented to them by Congress. Of that total number, 1,484 were regular vetoes, and 1,066 were pocket vetoes. This may appear to be a large number of vetoes, but it actually represents about 3 percent of the approximately 93,555 bills presented to U.S. Presidents since George Washington. (See the accompanying table, Vetoes by Presidents.) |
- | + | ||
- | regular vetoes, and 1,066 were pocket vetoes. This may appear to be a large number of vetoes, but it actually represents about 3 percent of the approximately 93,555 bills presented to U.S. Presidents since George Washington. (See the accompanying table, Vetoes by Presidents.) | + | |
VETOES BY PRESIDENTS | VETOES BY PRESIDENTS | ||
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|James E. Carter ....................................................................................| | |James E. Carter ....................................................................................| | ||
|Ronald W. Reagan ................................................................................| | |Ronald W. Reagan ................................................................................| | ||
- | |George H.W. Bush .................................................................................| | + | |George H.W. Bush .................................................................................| |
|William J. Clinton | |William J. Clinton | ||
|George W. Bush ....................................................................................| | |George W. Bush ....................................................................................| | ||
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==== 104. What is the date for the commencement of a President' | ==== 104. What is the date for the commencement of a President' | ||
- | When the Constitution was ratified, Congress was given power to determine the date for beginning the operations of the new administration. Congress set the date of March 4, 1789. Although George Washington did not take the oath of office until April 30, 1789, his term began March 4. Later, the 20th or so-called %%'' | + | When the Constitution was ratified, Congress was given power to determine the date for beginning the operations of the new administration. Congress set the date of March 4, 1789. Although George Washington did not take the oath of office until April 30, 1789, his term began March 4. Later, the 20th or so-called %%'' |
- | + | ||
- | Franklin D. Roosevelt became the first President to take the oath on January 20. When inauguration day falls on a Sunday, it is traditional practice for the President to take the oath privately on January 20 and to hold the public ceremony the following day. | + | |
==== 105. What qualifications are prescribed for the President? ==== | ==== 105. What qualifications are prescribed for the President? ==== | ||
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==== 113. Of these successions, | ==== 113. Of these successions, | ||
- | Four: Abraham Lincoln, James A. Garfield, William McKinley, and John F. Kennedy were assassinated. Andrew Johnson served as President all but 1 month of Lincoln' | + | Four: Abraham Lincoln, James A. Garfield, William McKinley, and John F. Kennedy were assassinated. Andrew Johnson served as President all but 1 month of Lincoln' |
- | + | ||
- | Arthur served 3< | + | |
==== 114. What would happen if the President-elect were to die before taking office? ==== | ==== 114. What would happen if the President-elect were to die before taking office? ==== | ||
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==== 122. How are executive departments and agencies funded? ==== | ==== 122. How are executive departments and agencies funded? ==== | ||
- | Most depend on annual appropriations passed by Congress. In some cases, though, the appropriation is permanent and requires no annual action by Congress. Certain agencies also operate from revenue received when loans are repaid and from non-appropriated | + | Most depend on annual appropriations passed by Congress. In some cases, though, the appropriation is permanent and requires no annual action by Congress. Certain agencies also operate from revenue received when loans are repaid and from non-appropriated funds such as money received from theaters, post exchanges on military bases, and various other types of user fees. |
- | + | ||
- | funds such as money received from theaters, post exchanges on military bases, and various other types of user fees. | + | |
==== 123. Who oversees the operations of executive departments and agencies? ==== | ==== 123. Who oversees the operations of executive departments and agencies? ==== | ||
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==== 128. To whom are independent agencies and commissions responsible? | ==== 128. To whom are independent agencies and commissions responsible? | ||
- | Independent regulatory commissions, | + | Independent regulatory commissions, |
- | + | ||
- | President. In some cases, Government-sponsored enterprises may also have directors who are private citizens. While all of the independent regulatory commissions and most of the Government-sponsored enterprises submit their budget requests to OMB for review and clearance, the degree of dependence on these budgets varies considerably. While nearly all of the Government-sponsored enterprises generate a substantial part of their financial resources from outside sources, almost all the independent regulatory commissions rely on the Government for their funding. | + | |
Activities of all of these entities are presented in public reports which are prepared annually. In addition, they are subject to periodic authorization and appropriations hearings in Congress, where their activities and operations can be reviewed. | Activities of all of these entities are presented in public reports which are prepared annually. In addition, they are subject to periodic authorization and appropriations hearings in Congress, where their activities and operations can be reviewed. | ||
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==== 142. What is the tenure of a Federal judge? ==== | ==== 142. What is the tenure of a Federal judge? ==== | ||
- | Judges of the Court of Federal Claims, Tax Court, Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces, and Court of Veterans Appeals have | + | Judges of the Court of Federal Claims, Tax Court, Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces, and Court of Veterans Appeals have terms of 15 years, and judges of the territorial District Courts in Guam, the Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands have 10year terms. Otherwise, the judges of the courts mentioned in the preceding questions, including the Supreme Court, courts of appeals, and most Federal district courts, have %%'' |
- | + | ||
- | terms of 15 years, and judges of the territorial District Courts in Guam, the Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands have 10year terms. Otherwise, the judges of the courts mentioned in the preceding questions, including the Supreme Court, courts of appeals, and most Federal district courts, have %%'' | + | |
==== 143. Why do most Federal judges have "good behaviour" | ==== 143. Why do most Federal judges have "good behaviour" | ||
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The Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act of 1987 guarantees the right of persons in military service or living abroad to vote by absentee ballot in Federal elections. The Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act of 1984 mandates Federal standards of physical accessibility for polling places and registration sites and requires the availability of large type ballots and hearing devices for the handicapped. | The Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act of 1987 guarantees the right of persons in military service or living abroad to vote by absentee ballot in Federal elections. The Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act of 1984 mandates Federal standards of physical accessibility for polling places and registration sites and requires the availability of large type ballots and hearing devices for the handicapped. | ||
- | Voters must also meet State requirements in order to vote, the most common of which is registration. Citizens in 46 States and the District of Columbia must register between 10 and 50 days in advance of election day, while the States of Maine, Minnesota, and | + | Voters must also meet State requirements in order to vote, the most common of which is registration. Citizens in 46 States and the District of Columbia must register between 10 and 50 days in advance of election day, while the States of Maine, Minnesota, and Wisconsin provide for registration on election day. In addition, North Dakota does not require registration of voters, relying instead on presentation of personal identification at the polls. Thirty States and the District of Columbia require that voters be residents for a period of between 1 and 50 days prior to election day. In addition, most States bar registration and voting by convicted felons and those judged mentally incompetent. |
- | + | ||
- | Wisconsin provide for registration on election day. In addition, North Dakota does not require registration of voters, relying instead on presentation of personal identification at the polls. Thirty States and the District of Columbia require that voters be residents for a period of between 1 and 50 days prior to election day. In addition, most States bar registration and voting by convicted felons and those judged mentally incompetent. | + | |
==== 152. Who is responsible for the administration of elections in the United States? ==== | ==== 152. Who is responsible for the administration of elections in the United States? ==== | ||
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==== 157. What are these Presidential libraries and where are they located? ==== | ==== 157. What are these Presidential libraries and where are they located? ==== | ||
- | The Presidential libraries managed by the National Archives began with President Franklin D. Roosevelt, but the current program was established with the Presidential Libraries Act of 1955. Under the terms of this law, a former President or heirs may purchase land, usually near the former President' | + | The Presidential libraries managed by the National Archives began with President Franklin D. Roosevelt, but the current program was established with the Presidential Libraries Act of 1955. Under the terms of this law, a former President or heirs may purchase land, usually near the former President' |
==== 158. Are there libraries across the United States that regularly receive copies of Federal Government publications as they are produced? ==== | ==== 158. Are there libraries across the United States that regularly receive copies of Federal Government publications as they are produced? ==== | ||
- | Many years ago, Congress recognized the desirability of making Government publications available to the public. The depository library program was created by Congress in order to promote the American public' | + | Many years ago, Congress recognized the desirability of making Government publications available to the public. The depository library program was created by Congress in order to promote the American public' |
==== 159. What is the Federal Citizen Information Center Program? ==== | ==== 159. What is the Federal Citizen Information Center Program? ==== | ||
- | Established in 1966 and managed by the Administrator of the General Services Administration, | + | Established in 1966 and managed by the Administrator of the General Services Administration, |
==== 160. What special information resources may be found at the Library of Congress? ==== | ==== 160. What special information resources may be found at the Library of Congress? ==== | ||
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The Library of Congress in Washington, DC—which was established by an act of April 24, 1800 appropriating $5,000 %%'' | The Library of Congress in Washington, DC—which was established by an act of April 24, 1800 appropriating $5,000 %%'' | ||
- | The Library' | + | The Library' |
==== 161. What special information resources are found in other Federal libraries? ==== | ==== 161. What special information resources are found in other Federal libraries? ==== | ||
- | The national medical collection is located at the National Library of Medicine <// | + | The national medical collection is located at the National Library of Medicine <http:// |
==== 162. How may someone get access to unpublished Federal records that are still in agency files? ==== | ==== 162. How may someone get access to unpublished Federal records that are still in agency files? ==== | ||
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==== 167. Where are these congressional publications available? ==== | ==== 167. Where are these congressional publications available? ==== | ||
- | All Members receive a limited allotment of most congressional publications and documents. Committees also maintain a limited supply of hearings transcripts, | + | All Members receive a limited allotment of most congressional publications and documents. Committees also maintain a limited supply of hearings transcripts, |
==== 168. How may someone obtain access to unpublished records of Congress? ==== | ==== 168. How may someone obtain access to unpublished records of Congress? ==== | ||
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Bibby, John F. //Politics, Parties, and Elections in America.// Chicago, Nelson-Hall, | Bibby, John F. //Politics, Parties, and Elections in America.// Chicago, Nelson-Hall, | ||
- | // | + | // |
Congressional Quarterly, Washington, DC, 1997. | Congressional Quarterly, Washington, DC, 1997. | ||
- | Byrd, Robert C. //The Senate, | + | Byrd, Robert C. //The Senate, |
- | Govt. Print. Off., 19881991. 2 vols. | + | Govt. Print. Off., 1988-1991. 2 vols. |
Chandler, Ralph Clark (ed.). //A Centennial History of the American Administrative State. //New York, The Free Press, 1987. | Chandler, Ralph Clark (ed.). //A Centennial History of the American Administrative State. //New York, The Free Press, 1987. | ||
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//The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation: | //The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation: | ||
- | Corwin, Edward S. //The President: Office and Powers, | + | Corwin, Edward S. //The President: Office and Powers, |
New York, New York University Press, 1984 (5th rev. ed.). | New York, New York University Press, 1984 (5th rev. ed.). | ||
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Farrand, Max. //The Framing of the Constitution of the United// //States. //New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 1913. | Farrand, Max. //The Framing of the Constitution of the United// //States. //New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 1913. | ||
- | //The Federalist. //[178788] by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. Edited by Benjamin Fletcher Wright. Cambridge, MA, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1961. | + | //The Federalist. //[1787-88] by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. Edited by Benjamin Fletcher Wright. Cambridge, MA, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1961. |
Fesler, James W. and Donald F. Kettl. //The Politics of the Administrative Process. //Chatham, NJ, Chatham House, 1996 (2nd ed.). | Fesler, James W. and Donald F. Kettl. //The Politics of the Administrative Process. //Chatham, NJ, Chatham House, 1996 (2nd ed.). | ||
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Hofstadter, Richard. //The American Political Tradition and the// //Men Who Made It. //Foreword by Christopher Lasch. New York, Vintage Books, 1974 [cl948]. | Hofstadter, Richard. //The American Political Tradition and the// //Men Who Made It. //Foreword by Christopher Lasch. New York, Vintage Books, 1974 [cl948]. | ||
- | Hutson, James H. //To Make All Laws: The Congress of the United// // | + | Hutson, James H. //To Make All Laws: The Congress of the United// // |
Jones, Charles O. //Separate But Equal Branches: Congress and// //the Presidency. //New York, Chatham House, 1999 (2nd ed.). | Jones, Charles O. //Separate But Equal Branches: Congress and// //the Presidency. //New York, Chatham House, 1999 (2nd ed.). | ||
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Kurian, George Thomas (ed.). //A Historical Guide to the U.S. Government. //New York, Oxford University Press, 1998. | Kurian, George Thomas (ed.). //A Historical Guide to the U.S. Government. //New York, Oxford University Press, 1998. | ||
- | Light, Paul C. //The Tides of Reform: Making Government Work,// //19451995. //New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 1997. | + | Light, Paul C. //The Tides of Reform: Making Government Work,// //1945-1995. //New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 1997. |
Lowi, Theodore. //The End of Liberalism: The Second Republic of// //the United States. //New York, Norton, 1979 (2nd ed.). | Lowi, Theodore. //The End of Liberalism: The Second Republic of// //the United States. //New York, Norton, 1979 (2nd ed.). | ||
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Waldo, Dwight. //The Administrative State.// New York, Holmes and Meier, 1984 (rev. ed.). | Waldo, Dwight. //The Administrative State.// New York, Holmes and Meier, 1984 (rev. ed.). | ||
- | White, Leonard D. [Four studies in administrative history] //The// // | + | White, Leonard D. [Four studies in administrative history] //The// // |
Wilson, Woodrow. // | Wilson, Woodrow. // | ||
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World Wide Web Sites: | World Wide Web Sites: | ||
- | [[www.congress.gov|www.congress.gov]] [Legislative Information System of Congress] | + | [[http://www.congress.gov|www.congress.gov]] [Legislative Information System of Congress] |
- | [[www.fedworld.gov|www.fedworld.gov]] [clearinghouse for information at many federal sites] | + | [[http://www.fedworld.gov|www.fedworld.gov]] [clearinghouse for information at many federal sites] |
- | [[www.loc.gov|www.loc.gov]] [Library of Congress site, including Thomas and legislation] | + | [[http://www.loc.gov|www.loc.gov]] [Library of Congress site, including Thomas and legislation] |
- | [[www.nara.gov/ | + | [[http://www.nara.gov/ |
- | [[www.uscourts.gov|www.uscourts.gov]] [federal judiciary, including Supreme Court] | + | [[http://www.uscourts.gov|www.uscourts.gov]] [federal judiciary, including Supreme Court] |
- | [[www.whitehouse.gov|www.whitehouse.gov]] [White House and presidential activities]. | + | [[http://www.whitehouse.gov|www.whitehouse.gov]] [White House and presidential activities]. |
===== STATE APPORTIONMENT AND HOUSE APPORTIONMENT ===== | ===== STATE APPORTIONMENT AND HOUSE APPORTIONMENT ===== | ||
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POLITICAL DIVISIONS OF THE SENATE AND HOUSE FROM 1855 TO 2003—Continued | POLITICAL DIVISIONS OF THE SENATE AND HOUSE FROM 1855 TO 2003—Continued | ||
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Page | Page | ||
- | Acts of Congress* 4750, 66, 67, 7074, 8889, 99103, 166, 167 | + | Acts of Congress* 47-50, 66, 67, 7074, 88-89, 99-103, 166, 167 |
- | Adjournment of Congress* 71, | + | Adjournment of Congress* 71, |
Amendments to the Constitution* (//See// Constitution. The complete text of | Amendments to the Constitution* (//See// Constitution. The complete text of | ||
Line 2701: | Line 2675: | ||
Appendix) 18, | Appendix) 18, | ||
- | Appropriation* 4850, 122 | + | Appropriation* 48-50, 122 |
- | Armed Forces 53, 56, 57, 9698 | + | Armed Forces 53, 56, 57, 96-98 |
Architect of the Capitol 42 | Architect of the Capitol 42 | ||
Line 2713: | Line 2687: | ||
Bill of Rights* (//See also// Constitution. The complete text of the U.S. Constitution, | Bill of Rights* (//See also// Constitution. The complete text of the U.S. Constitution, | ||
- | Bills in Congress* 7075, 80, 166, 167 | + | Bills in Congress* 70-75, 80, 166, 167 |
Bipartisanship*Budget* 42, | Bipartisanship*Budget* 42, | ||
Line 2731: | Line 2705: | ||
Checks and Balances 13, | Checks and Balances 13, | ||
- | Civil Service System 124126 | + | Civil Service System 124-126 |
Citizenship 3, | Citizenship 3, | ||
Line 2745: | Line 2719: | ||
Confirmation* 53, | Confirmation* 53, | ||
- | Congress* (//See also// Congressional Committees, Congressional Process, Congressional Rules, House, Senate) 1491 | + | Congress* (//See also// Congressional Committees, Congressional Process, Congressional Rules, House, Senate) 14-91 |
- | Constitutional Powers 5357 | + | Constitutional Powers 53-57 |
Joint Sessions* 76 | Joint Sessions* 76 | ||
Line 2767: | Line 2741: | ||
Other types 37 | Other types 37 | ||
- | Congressional Committees 7991 | + | Congressional Committees 79-91 |
- | Appropriations Committees 4850 | + | Appropriations Committees 48-50 |
Budget Committee 43, | Budget Committee 43, | ||
Line 2777: | Line 2751: | ||
Conference Committee 80 | Conference Committee 80 | ||
- | Hearings 8890 | + | Hearings 88-90 |
Joint Committees 87 | Joint Committees 87 | ||
- | Legislation 4753, 7074 | + | Legislation 47-53, 70-74 |
Ranking Minority Member 91 | Ranking Minority Member 91 | ||
Line 2789: | Line 2763: | ||
Select Committees 79, | Select Committees 79, | ||
- | Seniority Rule 91 | + | Seniority Rule 91 |
- | Standing Committees 79, | + | Standing Committees 79, |
Congressional Districts 18, | Congressional Districts 18, | ||
Line 2801: | Line 2775: | ||
Appendix) | Appendix) | ||
- | Congressional Documents 75, | + | Congressional Documents 75, |
Congressional Globe 75 | Congressional Globe 75 | ||
Line 2807: | Line 2781: | ||
Congressional Interns and Volunteers 45 | Congressional Interns and Volunteers 45 | ||
- | Congressional Process and Powers 4778 99103, 106107, 117118, 121123, | + | Congressional Process and Powers 47-78 99-103, 106-107, 117-118, 121-123, |
- | 128, 131, 132, 138141, 143, 144 | + | 128, 131, 132, 138-141, 143, 144 |
- | Appropriations* 4850, 122 | + | Appropriations* 48-50, 122 |
Authorizations* 49, | Authorizations* 49, | ||
- | Budget 51, 52, 103 | + | Budget 51, 52, 103 |
Confirmation 54 | Confirmation 54 | ||
- | Hearings* 8890 | + | Hearings* 88-90 |
Oversight 14, | Oversight 14, | ||
Line 2825: | Line 2799: | ||
Tax Bills 47 | Tax Bills 47 | ||
- | Congressional Record 75, 166, 167 | + | Congressional Record 75, 166, 167 |
- | Congressional Research Service 4244 | + | Congressional Research Service 42-44 |
- | Congressional Rules* 5878 | + | Congressional Rules* 58-78 |
- | Acts of Congress 7075, 80, 166, 167 | + | Acts of Congress 70-75, 80, 166, 167 |
- | Bills and other measures 7075, 80, 166, 167 | + | Bills and other measures 70-75, 80, 166, 167 |
Calendars* 166, | Calendars* 166, | ||
Line 2859: | Line 2833: | ||
Congressional Service Organizations and Caucuses 37 | Congressional Service Organizations and Caucuses 37 | ||
- | Congressional Support Agencies 4244 | + | Congressional Support Agencies 42-44 |
- | Congressional Staff and Services 4246 | + | Congressional Staff and Services 42-46 |
Constitution* (//See also// the complete text of the U.S. Constitution, | Constitution* (//See also// the complete text of the U.S. Constitution, | ||
Line 2895: | Line 2869: | ||
Discharge Petition* | Discharge Petition* | ||
- | Election to Office (//See also// Electoral College) 146153 | + | Election to Office (//See also// Electoral College) 146-153 |
Administration of Elections 152 | Administration of Elections 152 | ||
Line 2901: | Line 2875: | ||
Election Day 153 | Election Day 153 | ||
- | President 106, | + | President 106, |
Representatives 15, | Representatives 15, | ||
Line 2907: | Line 2881: | ||
Senators 15, | Senators 15, | ||
- | Vice President 114, | + | Vice President 114, |
Voter Qualifications 151 | Voter Qualifications 151 | ||
- | Electoral College 114115, 147149 | + | Electoral College 114-115, 147-149 |
%%'' | %%'' | ||
- | Executive Branch 92126 | + | Executive Branch 92-126 |
- | Executive Departments and Agencies (//See also// Cabinet) 121126 | + | Executive Departments and Agencies (//See also// Cabinet) 121-126 |
Executive Journal of House and Senate 75 | Executive Journal of House and Senate 75 | ||
Line 2933: | Line 2907: | ||
Filibuster (//See// Senate, Debate) | Filibuster (//See// Senate, Debate) | ||
- | Freedom of Information Act 162165 | + | Freedom of Information Act 162-165 |
- | General Accounting Office 4244 | + | General Accounting Office 42-44 |
Gerrymandering* (//See// Congressional Districts) | Gerrymandering* (//See// Congressional Districts) | ||
Line 2941: | Line 2915: | ||
Government Printing Office 42, 167 | Government Printing Office 42, 167 | ||
- | House of Representatives 1430, 3338, 41 | + | House of Representatives 14-30, 33-38, 41 |
Legislative Counsel 44 | Legislative Counsel 44 | ||
- | Officers of House 2630 | + | Officers of House 26-30 |
- | Majority Party 3336, 64, 65 | + | Majority Party 33-36, 64, 65 |
- | Minority Party 3336, 64, 65 | + | Minority Party 33-36, 64, 65 |
Quorum* 60 | Quorum* 60 | ||
Line 2957: | Line 2931: | ||
Impeachment and Removal from Office: | Impeachment and Removal from Office: | ||
- | Justices and Judges 53, 55, 142144 | + | Justices and Judges 53, 55, 142-144 |
President, Vice President and other U.S. Officers 53, | President, Vice President and other U.S. Officers 53, | ||
Line 2963: | Line 2937: | ||
Independent Agencies and Commissions 127, | Independent Agencies and Commissions 127, | ||
- | Information Resources 154169 | + | Information Resources 154-169 |
- | Judicial Branch (//See also// Justices and Judges) 129145 | + | Judicial Branch (//See also// Justices and Judges) 129-145 |
- | Appeals Courts 131139 | + | Appeals Courts 131-139 |
District Courts 131, 138 | District Courts 131, 138 | ||
Line 2973: | Line 2947: | ||
Justice System 129, 130 | Justice System 129, 130 | ||
- | Special Courts 140 | + | Special Courts 140 |
- | Supreme Court 131137 | + | Supreme Court 131-137 |
- | Justices and Judges 141145 | + | Justices and Judges 141-145 |
- | Impeachment and Removal 142144 | + | Impeachment and Removal 142-144 |
Oath of Office 145 | Oath of Office 145 | ||
Line 2991: | Line 2965: | ||
Qualifications 141 | Qualifications 141 | ||
- | Tenure 142144 | + | Tenure 142-144 |
%%'' | %%'' | ||
- | Legislative Branch (//See also// Congress) 1491 | + | Legislative Branch (//See also// Congress) 14-91 |
Legislative Counsel in House and Senate 44 | Legislative Counsel in House and Senate 44 | ||
Line 3009: | Line 2983: | ||
National Agricultural Library 161 | National Agricultural Library 161 | ||
- | National Library of Medicine 161 | + | National Library of Medicine 161 |
Presidential Libraries 157 | Presidential Libraries 157 | ||
Line 3017: | Line 2991: | ||
Delegates 18, | Delegates 18, | ||
- | Misconduct and Punishments 24, | + | Misconduct and Punishments 24, 25 |
Qualifications 15 | Qualifications 15 | ||
Line 3029: | Line 3003: | ||
Memorials* | Memorials* | ||
- | Merit Systems 124126 | + | Merit Systems 124-126 |
- | National Archives 74, | + | National Archives 74, |
Nomination (//See// Confirmation) | Nomination (//See// Confirmation) | ||
Line 3037: | Line 3011: | ||
Oaths of Office: | Oaths of Office: | ||
- | Members of Congress 24 | + | Members of Congress 24 |
Justices and Judges 145 | Justices and Judges 145 | ||
Line 3065: | Line 3039: | ||
Assassinations of 113 | Assassinations of 113 | ||
- | Constitutional Powers 54, 56, 57, 96103, 117 | + | Constitutional Powers 54, 56, 57, 96-103, 117 |
- | Election 106, | + | Election 106, |
Executive Office of the President 93 | Executive Office of the President 93 | ||
Line 3079: | Line 3053: | ||
Oath 108 | Oath 108 | ||
- | Papers 156158 | + | Papers 156-158 |
Powers and Roles 94, 96, 97 | Powers and Roles 94, 96, 97 | ||
Line 3093: | Line 3067: | ||
Term 11, 94, 104 | Term 11, 94, 104 | ||
- | Vacancy, Disability, Succession 109114 | + | Vacancy, Disability, Succession 109-114 |
Page | Page | ||
Line 3105: | Line 3079: | ||
Qualifications: | Qualifications: | ||
- | Members of Congress 15 | + | Members of Congress 15 |
Justices 141 | Justices 141 | ||
Line 3111: | Line 3085: | ||
President 105, | President 105, | ||
- | Vice President 116 | + | Vice President 116 |
Voters 151 | Voters 151 | ||
Line 3155: | Line 3129: | ||
Legislative Counsel 44 | Legislative Counsel 44 | ||
- | Majority Party 3136, 65 | + | Majority Party 31-36, 65 |
- | Minority Party 3136, 65 | + | Minority Party 31-36, 65 |
Officers 32 | Officers 32 | ||
Line 3183: | Line 3157: | ||
//Sine Die//* (//See // | //Sine Die//* (//See // | ||
- | Speaker of the House 26, | + | Speaker of the House 26, |
State of the Union Address 118 | State of the Union Address 118 | ||
- | Statutes at Large* (//See also// Acts of Congress) 7274 | + | Statutes at Large* (//See also// Acts of Congress) 72-74 |
- | Supreme Court 130137 | + | Supreme Court 130-137 |
Opinions and Decisions 136, | Opinions and Decisions 136, | ||
Line 3211: | Line 3185: | ||
Senate 23 | Senate 23 | ||
- | President 109113 | + | President 109-113 |
President-elect 114 | President-elect 114 | ||
Line 3219: | Line 3193: | ||
Vice President-elect 114 | Vice President-elect 114 | ||
- | Veto by President* 72, | + | Veto by President* 72, |
Vice President: | Vice President: | ||
- | Election 115, | + | Election 115, |
Impeachment 53, | Impeachment 53, | ||
Line 3233: | Line 3207: | ||
Resignation 111 | Resignation 111 | ||
- | Succession 109116 | + | Succession 109-116 |
Term 11, 104 | Term 11, 104 | ||
Line 3245: | Line 3219: | ||
War Powers* (//See also// Armed Forces; President) 53, | War Powers* (//See also// Armed Forces; President) 53, | ||
{{page>: | {{page>: | ||
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documents/external/our-american-government-2003.txt · Last modified: 2021/02/23 16:14 by 127.0.0.1