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documents:external:our-american-government-2003 [2019/10/04 23:03] Oliver Wolcottdocuments:external:our-american-government-2003 [2019/11/15 20:20] Oliver Wolcott
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 <WRAP center round download 60%> <WRAP center round download 60%>
-Download source: [[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CDOC108hdoc94/pdf/CDOC108hdoc94.pdf|Our American Government - 2003 edition]]+Download source: [[https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CDOC-108hdoc94/CDOC-108hdoc94/context|Our American Government - 2003 edition]]
 </WRAP> </WRAP>
  
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 At the most basic level, the right to vote gives the citizen a chance to help select those who will ultimately be responsible for determining public policy. Beyond casting the ballot, a citizen may actively assist in nominating and electing preferred public officials through volunteer activities and campaign donations. The participation of citizens in the electoral process contributes greatly to the sense of legitimacy of the Government. At the most basic level, the right to vote gives the citizen a chance to help select those who will ultimately be responsible for determining public policy. Beyond casting the ballot, a citizen may actively assist in nominating and electing preferred public officials through volunteer activities and campaign donations. The participation of citizens in the electoral process contributes greatly to the sense of legitimacy of the Government.
  
-Citizen involvement in the Government need not be manifested only during election campaigns. Legislators are accustomed to hearing from constituents expressing opinions about issues of the day, and procedures exist that mandate that executive agencies allow time for public comment before proposed regulations become final. Individuals may also join with others who hold similar views +Citizen involvement in the Government need not be manifested only during election campaigns. Legislators are accustomed to hearing from constituents expressing opinions about issues of the day, and procedures exist that mandate that executive agencies allow time for public comment before proposed regulations become final. Individuals may also join with others who hold similar views to make the most of their influence with Government on particular issues; this is how interest groups or political action committees are established and the lobbying process begins.
- +
-to make the most of their influence with Government on particular issues; this is how interest groups or political action committees are established and the lobbying process begins.+
  
 ==== 4. What contributions has our country made to the institution of government? ==== ==== 4. What contributions has our country made to the institution of government? ====
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 **MEMBERS, OFFICES, AND STAFF** **MEMBERS, OFFICES, AND STAFF**
  
-==== 15.What qualifications are prescribed for a Member of Congress ====+==== 15. What qualifications are prescribed for a Member of Congress ====
  
 The Constitution (Article 1, Section 2 for the House and Section 3 for the Senate) prescribes qualifications for Members of Congress. The Constitution (Article 1, Section 2 for the House and Section 3 for the Senate) prescribes qualifications for Members of Congress.
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 ==== 21. What is a Delegate or Resident Commissioner, as distinguished from a Representative? ==== ==== 21. What is a Delegate or Resident Commissioner, as distinguished from a Representative? ====
  
-The office of Delegate was established by ordinance from the Continental Congress (177489) and confirmed by a law of Congress. From the beginning of the Republic, accordingly, the House of Representatives has admitted Delegates from Territories or districts organized by law. Delegates and Resident Commissioners may participate in House debate but they are not permitted to vote on the floor. All serve on committees of the House and possess powers and privileges equal to other Members in committee, including the right to vote in committee. Currently, there are four Delegates in the House and one Resident Commissioner.+The office of Delegate was established by ordinance from the Continental Congress (1774-89) and confirmed by a law of Congress. From the beginning of the Republic, accordingly, the House of Representatives has admitted Delegates from Territories or districts organized by law. Delegates and Resident Commissioners may participate in House debate but they are not permitted to vote on the floor. All serve on committees of the House and possess powers and privileges equal to other Members in committee, including the right to vote in committee. Currently, there are four Delegates in the House and one Resident Commissioner.
  
 ==== 22. What oath of office is required for Members of Congress, and when is it administered? ==== ==== 22. What oath of office is required for Members of Congress, and when is it administered? ====
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 The Capitol Hill office complex includes offices for House and Senate leaders and officers and for certain committees in the Capitol building itself, plus five House office buildings and three Senate office buildings, plus additional rented space in commercial office buildings near Union Station, north of the Capitol. The Capitol Hill office complex includes offices for House and Senate leaders and officers and for certain committees in the Capitol building itself, plus five House office buildings and three Senate office buildings, plus additional rented space in commercial office buildings near Union Station, north of the Capitol.
  
-The three main House office buildings are located on Independence Avenue, south of the Capitol. Proceeding from east to west, the three buildings are the Cannon House Office Building, completed in 1908; the Longworth House Office Building, completed in 1933; and the Rayburn House Office Building, completed in 1965. The buildings are named for the Speakers of the House at the time the construction of the buildings was authorized. In these buildings are located the personal offices of each Member of the House, as well as the offices of House standing committees. Two additional buildings were purchased in 1957 and 1975 for use by the House for additional office space. The first building, on C Street behind the Cannon Office Building, was renamed the Thomas P. O'Neill House Office Building in 1990 and demolished in 2002. In addition to space for House committee and subcommittee staff, the building is now also the site of the House Page School Dormitory. The second building, on D Street SW, was renamed in 1990 the Gerald R. Ford House Office Building. Before becoming Vice President and President, Mr. Ford was House Republican Leader from 196573. He is the first person not to have been Speaker to have a House office building named after him.+The three main House office buildings are located on Independence Avenue, south of the Capitol. Proceeding from east to west, the three buildings are the Cannon House Office Building, completed in 1908; the Longworth House Office Building, completed in 1933; and the Rayburn House Office Building, completed in 1965. The buildings are named for the Speakers of the House at the time the construction of the buildings was authorized. In these buildings are located the personal offices of each Member of the House, as well as the offices of House standing committees. Two additional buildings were purchased in 1957 and 1975 for use by the House for additional office space. The first building, on C Street behind the Cannon Office Building, was renamed the Thomas P. O'Neill House Office Building in 1990 and demolished in 2002. In addition to space for House committee and subcommittee staff, the building is now also the site of the House Page School Dormitory. The second building, on D Street SW, was renamed in 1990 the Gerald R. Ford House Office Building. Before becoming Vice President and President, Mr. Ford was House Republican Leader from 1965-73. He is the first person not to have been Speaker to have a House office building named after him.
  
 The Senate office buildings are located on Constitution Avenue, northeast of the Capitol. The buildings were completed in 1909, 1958, and 1982, and are named in honor of influential 20th century The Senate office buildings are located on Constitution Avenue, northeast of the Capitol. The buildings were completed in 1909, 1958, and 1982, and are named in honor of influential 20th century
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 ==== 50. What are the different types of appropriation measures? ==== ==== 50. What are the different types of appropriation measures? ====
  
-Appropriations are provided in three different types of appropriation measures. Regular appropriation bills are a series of measures that together fund many Federal operations and programs for a fiscal year (October 1September 30). Each of the 13 subcommittees of the House and Senate Appropriations Committees manages one regular appropriation bill. A supplemental appropriation bill is a measure which provides funds if a need develops that is too urgent to be postponed until the next fiscal year. Finally, a continuing resolution is a measure that provides stopgap funding if Congress is +Appropriations are provided in three different types of appropriation measures. Regular appropriation bills are a series of measures that together fund many Federal operations and programs for a fiscal year (October 1September 30). Each of the 13 subcommittees of the House and Senate Appropriations Committees manages one regular appropriation bill. A supplemental appropriation bill is a measure which provides funds if a need develops that is too urgent to be postponed until the next fiscal year. Finally, a continuing resolution is a measure that provides stopgap funding if Congress is unable to complete action on one or more regular appropriation bills before the beginning of a fiscal year.
- +
-unable to complete action on one or more regular appropriation bills before the beginning of a fiscal year.+
  
 All regular appropriation bills as well as supplemental appropriation bills that fund more than a single agency or purpose are also referred to as general appropriation bills. All regular appropriation bills as well as supplemental appropriation bills that fund more than a single agency or purpose are also referred to as general appropriation bills.
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 Sequestration is an across-the-board cut in Federal spending pursuant to a Presidential order. A sequestration order can only be issued if Congress fails to meet a budgetary requirement, such as a deficit target or a spending limit. Sequestration was first established in 1985 by the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Reduction Act, also known as the Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act. Sequestration is an across-the-board cut in Federal spending pursuant to a Presidential order. A sequestration order can only be issued if Congress fails to meet a budgetary requirement, such as a deficit target or a spending limit. Sequestration was first established in 1985 by the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Reduction Act, also known as the Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act.
  
-53. What are the powers of Congress as provided in the Constitution?+==== 53. What are the powers of Congress as provided in the Constitution? ====
  
 The Constitution (Article 1, Section 8) empowers Congress to levy taxes, collect revenue, pay debts, and provide for the general welfare; borrow money; regulate interstate and foreign commerce; establish uniform rules of naturalization and bankruptcy; coin money and regulate its value; punish counterfeiters; establish a postal system; enact patent and copyright laws; establish Federal courts inferior to the Supreme Court; declare war; provide for the armed forces; impeach and try Federal officers (Sections 2 and 3); and have exclusive legislative power over the District of Columbia. In Article II, Section 2, the Senate is given the power to consent to the ratification of treaties and confirm the nomination of public officials. Congress is also given the power to enact such laws as may be %%''%%necessary and proper%%''%% to implement its mandate in Article I. The power to enact laws is also contained in certain amendments to the Constitution. The Constitution (Article 1, Section 8) empowers Congress to levy taxes, collect revenue, pay debts, and provide for the general welfare; borrow money; regulate interstate and foreign commerce; establish uniform rules of naturalization and bankruptcy; coin money and regulate its value; punish counterfeiters; establish a postal system; enact patent and copyright laws; establish Federal courts inferior to the Supreme Court; declare war; provide for the armed forces; impeach and try Federal officers (Sections 2 and 3); and have exclusive legislative power over the District of Columbia. In Article II, Section 2, the Senate is given the power to consent to the ratification of treaties and confirm the nomination of public officials. Congress is also given the power to enact such laws as may be %%''%%necessary and proper%%''%% to implement its mandate in Article I. The power to enact laws is also contained in certain amendments to the Constitution.
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 The Constitution gives to Congress the authority to declare war; this has occurred on only five occasions since 1789, the most recent being World War II. But the President, as Commander in Chief, has implied powers to commit the Nation's military forces, which has occurred on more than 200 occasions in U.S. history. Moreover, Congress may authorize the use of the military in specific cases through public law. The Constitution gives to Congress the authority to declare war; this has occurred on only five occasions since 1789, the most recent being World War II. But the President, as Commander in Chief, has implied powers to commit the Nation's military forces, which has occurred on more than 200 occasions in U.S. history. Moreover, Congress may authorize the use of the military in specific cases through public law.
  
-The War Powers Resolution, enacted on November 7, 1973, as Public Law 93148, also tried to clarify these respective roles of the President and Congress in cases involving the use of armed forces without a declaration of war. The President is expected to consult with Congress before using the armed forces %%''%%in every possible instance,%%''%% and is required to report to Congress within 48 hours of introducing troops. Use of the armed forces is to be terminated within 60 days, with a possible 30day extension by the President, unless Congress acts during that time to declare war, enacts a specific authorization for use of the armed forces, extends the 6090 day period, or is physically unable to meet as a result of an attack on the United States.+The War Powers Resolution, enacted on November 7, 1973, as Public Law 93148, also tried to clarify these respective roles of the President and Congress in cases involving the use of armed forces without a declaration of war. The President is expected to consult with Congress before using the armed forces %%''%%in every possible instance,%%''%% and is required to report to Congress within 48 hours of introducing troops. Use of the armed forces is to be terminated within 60 days, with a possible 30day extension by the President, unless Congress acts during that time to declare war, enacts a specific authorization for use of the armed forces, extends the 60-90 day period, or is physically unable to meet as a result of an attack on the United States.
  
 **CONGRESSIONAL RULES AND PROCEDURES** **CONGRESSIONAL RULES AND PROCEDURES**
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 ==== 67. How are record votes taken in Congress? ==== ==== 67. How are record votes taken in Congress? ====
  
-Most votes are taken by a simple voice method, in which the yeas and nays are called out, respectively, and the judgment of the chair as to which are greater in number determines the vote. If a recorded vote is desired, a sufficient second must support it. The +Most votes are taken by a simple voice method, in which the yeas and nays are called out, respectively, and the judgment of the chair as to which are greater in number determines the vote. If a recorded vote is desired, a sufficient second must support it. The Constitution simply provides that %%''%%the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any question shall at the Desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the Journal.%%''%% A sufficient second in the Committee of the Whole is 25. Since 1973, the House has used an electronic voting system to reduce the time consumed in voting. The Senate continues to use an oral call of the roll. Each Chamber permits a minimum of 15 minutes to complete a vote, though time for each vote may be reduced if several votes are conducted sequentially.
- +
-Constitution simply provides that %%''%%the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any question shall at the Desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the Journal.%%''%% A sufficient second in the Committee of the Whole is 25. Since 1973, the House has used an electronic voting system to reduce the time consumed in voting. The Senate continues to use an oral call of the roll. Each Chamber permits a minimum of 15 minutes to complete a vote, though time for each vote may be reduced if several votes are conducted sequentially.+
  
 ==== 68. Are there time limitations on debate in Congress? ==== ==== 68. Are there time limitations on debate in Congress? ====
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 ==== 91. What is meant by the "seniority rule"? ==== ==== 91. What is meant by the "seniority rule"? ====
  
-It had been the custom whereby a member who served longest on the majority side of a committee became its chairman or if on the minority, its ranking member. Members were ranked from the +It had been the custom whereby a member who served longest on the majority side of a committee became its chairman or if on the minority, its ranking member. Members were ranked from the chairman or ranking member down, according to length of service on the committee.
- +
-chairman or ranking member down, according to length of service on the committee.+
  
 Modifications—including party practices, term limits on chairmanships, and limits on the number of committees and subcommittees chaired—have caused the seniority rule to be less rigidly followed than previously. Nevertheless, length of service on a committee remains the predominant criterion for choosing its chairman and ranking member. In both Chambers, nominees for committee chairmen are subject to public votes, first in meetings of their party colleagues (in conference or caucus), then in the full Chamber. Members who interrupt their service in a Chamber but subsequently return to the Congress, start again at the bottom of a committee list. Returning Members outrank other new Members who have no prior service. New Members also earn seniority over other newly elected Members by having prior service in the other legislative Chamber. In some cases, in which two Members have equal time in service in a Chamber, prior service as a State Governor or State legislator also may contribute in the determination of seniority. Modifications—including party practices, term limits on chairmanships, and limits on the number of committees and subcommittees chaired—have caused the seniority rule to be less rigidly followed than previously. Nevertheless, length of service on a committee remains the predominant criterion for choosing its chairman and ranking member. In both Chambers, nominees for committee chairmen are subject to public votes, first in meetings of their party colleagues (in conference or caucus), then in the full Chamber. Members who interrupt their service in a Chamber but subsequently return to the Congress, start again at the bottom of a committee list. Returning Members outrank other new Members who have no prior service. New Members also earn seniority over other newly elected Members by having prior service in the other legislative Chamber. In some cases, in which two Members have equal time in service in a Chamber, prior service as a State Governor or State legislator also may contribute in the determination of seniority.
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 In addition to express powers, the President possesses powers that are not enumerated within the Constitution's text. These implied powers have been, and continue to be, a subject of dispute and debate. The task of attributing implied powers to the President is complicated by three factors: the importance of the presidency in the political strategy of the Constitution; the President's extensive and vaguely defined authority in international relations; and the fact that the President is often said to have inherent or residual powers of authority. In addition to express powers, the President possesses powers that are not enumerated within the Constitution's text. These implied powers have been, and continue to be, a subject of dispute and debate. The task of attributing implied powers to the President is complicated by three factors: the importance of the presidency in the political strategy of the Constitution; the President's extensive and vaguely defined authority in international relations; and the fact that the President is often said to have inherent or residual powers of authority.
  
-For example, although the Constitution does not grant to the President express power to remove administrators from their offices, as the chief executive, the President holds power over executive branch officers, unless such removal power is limited by public law. The President, however, does not have such implied authority over officers in independent establishments. When President +For example, although the Constitution does not grant to the President express power to remove administrators from their offices, as the chief executive, the President holds power over executive branch officers, unless such removal power is limited by public law. The President, however, does not have such implied authority over officers in independent establishments. When President Franklin D. Roosevelt removed a member of the Federal Trade Commission, an independent regulatory agency, and not part of the executive branch, the Supreme Court, in 1935, ruled the removal invalid.
- +
-Franklin D. Roosevelt removed a member of the Federal Trade Commission, an independent regulatory agency, and not part of the executive branch, the Supreme Court, in 1935, ruled the removal invalid.+
  
 Another implied constitutional power is derived from the President's authority as Commander in Chief. Though the Congress has the explicit power to declare war, the President not only has the responsibility to protect the Nation from sudden attack, but also has initiated military activities abroad without a formal declaration of war. American Presidents have authorized military force abroad more than 225 times, but only on five occasions has Congress declared war: The War of 1812, the Mexican War, the Spanish-American War, World War I, and World War II. In recent years, most notably through the War Powers Resolution of 1973, Congress has sought to define more clearly the conditions under which Presidents unilaterally can authorize military action abroad. Another implied constitutional power is derived from the President's authority as Commander in Chief. Though the Congress has the explicit power to declare war, the President not only has the responsibility to protect the Nation from sudden attack, but also has initiated military activities abroad without a formal declaration of war. American Presidents have authorized military force abroad more than 225 times, but only on five occasions has Congress declared war: The War of 1812, the Mexican War, the Spanish-American War, World War I, and World War II. In recent years, most notably through the War Powers Resolution of 1973, Congress has sought to define more clearly the conditions under which Presidents unilaterally can authorize military action abroad.
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 ==== 100. Have many bills been vetoed by Presidents? ==== ==== 100. Have many bills been vetoed by Presidents? ====
  
-As of August 31, 2003, U.S. Presidents have vetoed 2,550 bills presented to them by Congress. Of that total number, 1,484 were +As of August 31, 2003, U.S. Presidents have vetoed 2,550 bills presented to them by Congress. Of that total number, 1,484 were regular vetoes, and 1,066 were pocket vetoes. This may appear to be a large number of vetoes, but it actually represents about 3 percent of the approximately 93,555 bills presented to U.S. Presidents since George Washington. (See the accompanying table, Vetoes by Presidents.)
- +
-regular vetoes, and 1,066 were pocket vetoes. This may appear to be a large number of vetoes, but it actually represents about 3 percent of the approximately 93,555 bills presented to U.S. Presidents since George Washington. (See the accompanying table, Vetoes by Presidents.)+
  
 VETOES BY PRESIDENTS VETOES BY PRESIDENTS
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 |James E. Carter ....................................................................................|  13|  18|  31|  2|||| |James E. Carter ....................................................................................|  13|  18|  31|  2||||
 |Ronald W. Reagan ................................................................................|  39|  39|  78|  9|||| |Ronald W. Reagan ................................................................................|  39|  39|  78|  9||||
-|George H.W. Bush .................................................................................|  29|  ((President Bush asserted that two bills were not enacted into law under the pocket veto provisions of the Constitution because Congress was in recess. Congress, however, maintained that these were not vetoes because they required action within 10 days of receipt by the President; both ultimately were considered to be law. A third bill was asserted by President Bush to be pocket-vetoed during a congressional recess, but he returned a veto message to the originating House and it was treated as a regular veto. For further explanation, See U.S. Congress, Office of the Secretary of the Senate, Presidential Vetoes, 19891996, S. Pub. 10522 (Washington: GPO, September 1997), pp. 6, 12.)) 15|  44|  1||||+|George H.W. Bush .................................................................................|  29|  ((President Bush asserted that two bills were not enacted into law under the pocket veto provisions of the Constitution because Congress was in recess. Congress, however, maintained that these were not vetoes because they required action within 10 days of receipt by the President; both ultimately were considered to be law. A third bill was asserted by President Bush to be pocket-vetoed during a congressional recess, but he returned a veto message to the originating House and it was treated as a regular veto. For further explanation, See U.S. Congress, Office of the Secretary of the Senate, Presidential Vetoes, 1989-1996, S. Pub. 10522 (Washington: GPO, September 1997), pp. 6, 12.)) 15|  44|  1||||
 |William J. Clinton  .................................................................................|  36|  1|  37|  2|||| |William J. Clinton  .................................................................................|  36|  1|  37|  2||||
 |George W. Bush ....................................................................................|  0|  0|  0|  0|||| |George W. Bush ....................................................................................|  0|  0|  0|  0||||
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 ==== 104. What is the date for the commencement of a President's term and how is it set? ==== ==== 104. What is the date for the commencement of a President's term and how is it set? ====
  
-When the Constitution was ratified, Congress was given power to determine the date for beginning the operations of the new administration. Congress set the date of March 4, 1789. Although George Washington did not take the oath of office until April 30, 1789, his term began March 4. Later, the 20th or so-called %%''%%lame-duck%%''%% amendment, ratified in 1933, established January 20 as the date on which Presidents would be inaugurated. In 1937, President +When the Constitution was ratified, Congress was given power to determine the date for beginning the operations of the new administration. Congress set the date of March 4, 1789. Although George Washington did not take the oath of office until April 30, 1789, his term began March 4. Later, the 20th or so-called %%''%%lame-duck%%''%% amendment, ratified in 1933, established January 20 as the date on which Presidents would be inaugurated. In 1937, President Franklin D. Roosevelt became the first President to take the oath on January 20. When inauguration day falls on a Sunday, it is traditional practice for the President to take the oath privately on January 20 and to hold the public ceremony the following day.
- +
-Franklin D. Roosevelt became the first President to take the oath on January 20. When inauguration day falls on a Sunday, it is traditional practice for the President to take the oath privately on January 20 and to hold the public ceremony the following day.+
  
 ==== 105. What qualifications are prescribed for the President? ==== ==== 105. What qualifications are prescribed for the President? ====
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 ==== 113. Of these successions, how many were caused by the assassination of Presidents? ==== ==== 113. Of these successions, how many were caused by the assassination of Presidents? ====
  
-Four: Abraham Lincoln, James A. Garfield, William McKinley, and John F. Kennedy were assassinated. Andrew Johnson served as President all but 1 month of Lincoln's second term; Theodore Roosevelt served 3<sup>1</sup>⁄2 years of McKinley's second term; Chester A. +Four: Abraham Lincoln, James A. Garfield, William McKinley, and John F. Kennedy were assassinated. Andrew Johnson served as President all but 1 month of Lincoln's second term; Theodore Roosevelt served 3<sup>1</sup>⁄2 years of McKinley's second term; Chester A. Arthur served 3<sup>1</sup>⁄2 years of Garfield's term; and Lyndon B. Johnson served about 1<sup>1</sup>⁄4 years of Kennedy's term.
- +
-Arthur served 3<sup>1</sup>⁄2 years of Garfield's term; and Lyndon B. Johnson served about 1<sup>1</sup>⁄4 years of Kennedy's term.+
  
 ==== 114. What would happen if the President-elect were to die before taking office? ==== ==== 114. What would happen if the President-elect were to die before taking office? ====
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 ==== 122. How are executive departments and agencies funded? ==== ==== 122. How are executive departments and agencies funded? ====
  
-Most depend on annual appropriations passed by Congress. In some cases, though, the appropriation is permanent and requires no annual action by Congress. Certain agencies also operate from revenue received when loans are repaid and from non-appropriated +Most depend on annual appropriations passed by Congress. In some cases, though, the appropriation is permanent and requires no annual action by Congress. Certain agencies also operate from revenue received when loans are repaid and from non-appropriated funds such as money received from theaters, post exchanges on military bases, and various other types of user fees.
- +
-funds such as money received from theaters, post exchanges on military bases, and various other types of user fees.+
  
 ==== 123. Who oversees the operations of executive departments and agencies? ==== ==== 123. Who oversees the operations of executive departments and agencies? ====
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 ==== 128. To whom are independent agencies and commissions responsible? How do they report on their activities? ==== ==== 128. To whom are independent agencies and commissions responsible? How do they report on their activities? ====
  
-Independent regulatory commissions, Government corporations, and various other Government-sponsored enterprises are bodies headed by several commissioners, directors, or governors, who are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. Unlike administrators of executive agencies, regulatory commissioners serve for fixed terms and cannot be removed at the pleasure of the +Independent regulatory commissions, Government corporations, and various other Government-sponsored enterprises are bodies headed by several commissioners, directors, or governors, who are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. Unlike administrators of executive agencies, regulatory commissioners serve for fixed terms and cannot be removed at the pleasure of the President. In some cases, Government-sponsored enterprises may also have directors who are private citizens. While all of the independent regulatory commissions and most of the Government-sponsored enterprises submit their budget requests to OMB for review and clearance, the degree of dependence on these budgets varies considerably. While nearly all of the Government-sponsored enterprises generate a substantial part of their financial resources from outside sources, almost all the independent regulatory commissions rely on the Government for their funding.
- +
-President. In some cases, Government-sponsored enterprises may also have directors who are private citizens. While all of the independent regulatory commissions and most of the Government-sponsored enterprises submit their budget requests to OMB for review and clearance, the degree of dependence on these budgets varies considerably. While nearly all of the Government-sponsored enterprises generate a substantial part of their financial resources from outside sources, almost all the independent regulatory commissions rely on the Government for their funding.+
  
 Activities of all of these entities are presented in public reports which are prepared annually. In addition, they are subject to periodic authorization and appropriations hearings in Congress, where their activities and operations can be reviewed. Activities of all of these entities are presented in public reports which are prepared annually. In addition, they are subject to periodic authorization and appropriations hearings in Congress, where their activities and operations can be reviewed.
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 ==== 142. What is the tenure of a Federal judge? ==== ==== 142. What is the tenure of a Federal judge? ====
  
-Judges of the Court of Federal Claims, Tax Court, Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces, and Court of Veterans Appeals have +Judges of the Court of Federal Claims, Tax Court, Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces, and Court of Veterans Appeals have terms of 15 years, and judges of the territorial District Courts in Guam, the Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands have 10year terms. Otherwise, the judges of the courts mentioned in the preceding questions, including the Supreme Court, courts of appeals, and most Federal district courts, have %%''%%good behaviour%%''%% tenure as specified in the Constitution, which is generally considered to be life tenure.
- +
-terms of 15 years, and judges of the territorial District Courts in Guam, the Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands have 10year terms. Otherwise, the judges of the courts mentioned in the preceding questions, including the Supreme Court, courts of appeals, and most Federal district courts, have %%''%%good behaviour%%''%% tenure as specified in the Constitution, which is generally considered to be life tenure.+
  
 ==== 143. Why do most Federal judges have "good behaviour" tenure? ==== ==== 143. Why do most Federal judges have "good behaviour" tenure? ====
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 The Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act of 1987 guarantees the right of persons in military service or living abroad to vote by absentee ballot in Federal elections. The Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act of 1984 mandates Federal standards of physical accessibility for polling places and registration sites and requires the availability of large type ballots and hearing devices for the handicapped. The Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act of 1987 guarantees the right of persons in military service or living abroad to vote by absentee ballot in Federal elections. The Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act of 1984 mandates Federal standards of physical accessibility for polling places and registration sites and requires the availability of large type ballots and hearing devices for the handicapped.
  
-Voters must also meet State requirements in order to vote, the most common of which is registration. Citizens in 46 States and the District of Columbia must register between 10 and 50 days in advance of election day, while the States of Maine, Minnesota, and +Voters must also meet State requirements in order to vote, the most common of which is registration. Citizens in 46 States and the District of Columbia must register between 10 and 50 days in advance of election day, while the States of Maine, Minnesota, and Wisconsin provide for registration on election day. In addition, North Dakota does not require registration of voters, relying instead on presentation of personal identification at the polls. Thirty States and the District of Columbia require that voters be residents for a period of between 1 and 50 days prior to election day. In addition, most States bar registration and voting by convicted felons and those judged mentally incompetent.
- +
-Wisconsin provide for registration on election day. In addition, North Dakota does not require registration of voters, relying instead on presentation of personal identification at the polls. Thirty States and the District of Columbia require that voters be residents for a period of between 1 and 50 days prior to election day. In addition, most States bar registration and voting by convicted felons and those judged mentally incompetent.+
  
 ==== 152. Who is responsible for the administration of elections in the United States? ==== ==== 152. Who is responsible for the administration of elections in the United States? ====
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 ==== 157. What are these Presidential libraries and where are they located? ==== ==== 157. What are these Presidential libraries and where are they located? ====
  
-The Presidential libraries managed by the National Archives began with President Franklin D. Roosevelt, but the current program was established with the Presidential Libraries Act of 1955. Under the terms of this law, a former President or heirs may purchase land, usually near the former President's birthplace or hometown, erect a library edifice, place his papers and records in it, and deed the facility to the Federal Government. These libraries and their holdings are open to both scholars and the public. Presidential libraries have been established for Herbert Hoover (West Branch, IA), Franklin D. Roosevelt (Hyde Park, NY), Harry S Truman (Independence, MO), Dwight D. Eisenhower (Abilene, KS), John F. Kennedy (Boston, MA), Lyndon B. Johnson (Austin, TX), Gerald R. Ford (Ann Arbor, MI), Jimmy Carter (Atlanta, GA), Ronald Reagan (Simi Valley, CA), and George Bush (College Station, TX). A Richard M. Nixon Presidential Library has been built (Yorba Linda, CA), but it is a private facility and has not been deeded to the Federal Government. The Nixon Presidential records, however, remain in Washington, DC, due to a special 1974 Act of Congress placing them in the custody of the Archivist. A library also is being planned for William Clinton in Little Rock, AR. Web sites for Presidential libraries maintained by the Archivist of the United States may be found at [[http://www.archives.gov/presidential libraries/index.html|//<http://www.archives.gov/presidential libraries/index.html>.//]]+The Presidential libraries managed by the National Archives began with President Franklin D. Roosevelt, but the current program was established with the Presidential Libraries Act of 1955. Under the terms of this law, a former President or heirs may purchase land, usually near the former President's birthplace or hometown, erect a library edifice, place his papers and records in it, and deed the facility to the Federal Government. These libraries and their holdings are open to both scholars and the public. Presidential libraries have been established for Herbert Hoover (West Branch, IA), Franklin D. Roosevelt (Hyde Park, NY), Harry S Truman (Independence, MO), Dwight D. Eisenhower (Abilene, KS), John F. Kennedy (Boston, MA), Lyndon B. Johnson (Austin, TX), Gerald R. Ford (Ann Arbor, MI), Jimmy Carter (Atlanta, GA), Ronald Reagan (Simi Valley, CA), and George Bush (College Station, TX). A Richard M. Nixon Presidential Library has been built (Yorba Linda, CA), but it is a private facility and has not been deeded to the Federal Government. The Nixon Presidential records, however, remain in Washington, DC, due to a special 1974 Act of Congress placing them in the custody of the Archivist. A library also is being planned for William Clinton in Little Rock, AR. Web sites for Presidential libraries maintained by the Archivist of the United States may be found at [[http://www.archives.gov/presidential libraries/index.html|<http://www.archives.gov/presidential libraries/index.html>.]]
  
 ==== 158. Are there libraries across the United States that regularly receive copies of Federal Government publications as they are produced? ==== ==== 158. Are there libraries across the United States that regularly receive copies of Federal Government publications as they are produced? ====
  
-Many years ago, Congress recognized the desirability of making Government publications available to the public. The depository library program was created by Congress in order to promote the American public's awareness of the activities of their Government. Under this program, which is administered by the Superintendent of Documents of the Government Printing Office, nearly 1,300 libraries throughout the country receive Federal Government publications free of charge, and, in return, pledge to provide free access to all library patrons. Depository libraries are designated by law, by the Superintendent of Documents, and by Members of Congress. The Superintendent prepares lists of documents that are available to the depositories; and they, on the basis of patron interest, select publications for their collections. A congressional Member's office, a Federal Citizen Information Center, or a local reference librarian can usually help to identify the locations of depository libraries. A Government Printing Office Web site located at [[www.gpoaccess.gov/libraries.html|//<www.gpoaccess.gov/libraries.html> //]]may also be consulted to locate depository libraries.+Many years ago, Congress recognized the desirability of making Government publications available to the public. The depository library program was created by Congress in order to promote the American public's awareness of the activities of their Government. Under this program, which is administered by the Superintendent of Documents of the Government Printing Office, nearly 1,300 libraries throughout the country receive Federal Government publications free of charge, and, in return, pledge to provide free access to all library patrons. Depository libraries are designated by law, by the Superintendent of Documents, and by Members of Congress. The Superintendent prepares lists of documents that are available to the depositories; and they, on the basis of patron interest, select publications for their collections. A congressional Member's office, a Federal Citizen Information Center, or a local reference librarian can usually help to identify the locations of depository libraries. A Government Printing Office Web site located at [[http://www.gpoaccess.gov/libraries.html|<www.gpoaccess.gov/libraries.html>]]may also be consulted to locate depository libraries.
  
 ==== 159. What is the Federal Citizen Information Center Program? ==== ==== 159. What is the Federal Citizen Information Center Program? ====
  
-Established in 1966 and managed by the Administrator of the General Services Administration, the Federal Information Center (FIC) is a single point of contact for people who have questions about Federal agencies, programs, and services. The FCIC currently responds to about 2 million calls per year via its nationwide, tollfree number: 8003344636. The Center is open for public inquiries from 8:00 AM to 8:00 PM ET each workday, except Federal holidays. Among the most frequent public inquiries are those having to do with workplace safety issues, State government matters, immigration and naturalization, Federal taxes, Federal employment, Government publications, disaster assistance, and consumer matters. A FIC Web site may be found at [[http://fic.info.gov|//<http://fic.info.gov>.//]]+Established in 1966 and managed by the Administrator of the General Services Administration, the Federal Information Center (FIC) is a single point of contact for people who have questions about Federal agencies, programs, and services. The FCIC currently responds to about 2 million calls per year via its nationwide, tollfree number: 800-334-4636. The Center is open for public inquiries from 8:00 AM to 8:00 PM ET each workday, except Federal holidays. Among the most frequent public inquiries are those having to do with workplace safety issues, State government matters, immigration and naturalization, Federal taxes, Federal employment, Government publications, disaster assistance, and consumer matters. A FIC Web site may be found at [[http://fic.info.gov|<http://fic.info.gov>.]]
  
 ==== 160. What special information resources may be found at the Library of Congress? ==== ==== 160. What special information resources may be found at the Library of Congress? ====
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 The Library of Congress in Washington, DC—which was established by an act of April 24, 1800 appropriating $5,000 %%''%%for the purchase of such books as may be necessary for the use of Congress%%''%%— is now a library both for the Congress and for the Nation. It was restarted in 1814, when Congress purchased Thomas Jefferson's personal library of 6,500 books to replace the 3,000 volumes that burned in the Capitol fire during the War of 1812. The Library serves Congress in numerous ways, especially through its collections, reference resources, and research and analysis provided by the Congressional Research Service, the Law Library, and other departments and divisions. The Library of Congress in Washington, DC—which was established by an act of April 24, 1800 appropriating $5,000 %%''%%for the purchase of such books as may be necessary for the use of Congress%%''%%— is now a library both for the Congress and for the Nation. It was restarted in 1814, when Congress purchased Thomas Jefferson's personal library of 6,500 books to replace the 3,000 volumes that burned in the Capitol fire during the War of 1812. The Library serves Congress in numerous ways, especially through its collections, reference resources, and research and analysis provided by the Congressional Research Service, the Law Library, and other departments and divisions.
  
-The Library's vast multimedia holdings include books, papers, maps, prints, photographs, motion pictures, and sound recordings. Among them are the most comprehensive collections of Chinese, Japanese, and Russian language books outside Asia and the Commonwealth of Independent States; volumes relating to science and legal materials outstanding for American and foreign law; the world's largest collection of published aeronautical literature; the most extensive collection in the Western Hemisphere of books printed before 1501 A.D.; and manuscript collections relating to manifold aspects of American history and civilization, including the personal papers of the Presidents from George Washington through Calvin Coolidge. No introduction or special credentials are required for persons over high-school age to use the general reading rooms; special collections, however, may be used only by those with a serious purpose for doing so. The Library of Congress Web site is located at [[www.loc.gov|<//www.loc.gov//>]].+The Library's vast multimedia holdings include books, papers, maps, prints, photographs, motion pictures, and sound recordings. Among them are the most comprehensive collections of Chinese, Japanese, and Russian language books outside Asia and the Commonwealth of Independent States; volumes relating to science and legal materials outstanding for American and foreign law; the world's largest collection of published aeronautical literature; the most extensive collection in the Western Hemisphere of books printed before 1501 A.D.; and manuscript collections relating to manifold aspects of American history and civilization, including the personal papers of the Presidents from George Washington through Calvin Coolidge. No introduction or special credentials are required for persons over high-school age to use the general reading rooms; special collections, however, may be used only by those with a serious purpose for doing so. The Library of Congress Web site is located at [[http://www.loc.gov|<www.loc.gov>]].
  
 ==== 161. What special information resources are found in other Federal libraries? ==== ==== 161. What special information resources are found in other Federal libraries? ====
  
-The national medical collection is located at the National Library of Medicine <//www.nlm.nih.gov//> in Bethesda, MD, and the national agricultural collection is housed at the National Agricultural Library [[www.nal.usda.gov|<//www.nal.usda.gov//>]] in Beltsville, MD.+The national medical collection is located at the National Library of Medicine <http://www.nlm.nih.gov> in Bethesda, MD, and the national agricultural collection is housed at the National Agricultural Library [[http://www.nal.usda.gov|<www.nal.usda.gov>]] in Beltsville, MD.
  
 ==== 162. How may someone get access to unpublished Federal records that are still in agency files? ==== ==== 162. How may someone get access to unpublished Federal records that are still in agency files? ====
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 ==== 167. Where are these congressional publications available? ==== ==== 167. Where are these congressional publications available? ====
  
-All Members receive a limited allotment of most congressional publications and documents. Committees also maintain a limited supply of hearings transcripts, committee prints, reports, documents, bills, and resolutions. The House and Senate each have a document room that is open to the public where bills, reports, public laws, and certain documents may be obtained free of charge. Some congressional publications and documents are available for purchase from the Superintendent of Documents of the Government Printing Office (GPO). Original or microform copies of the items may also be found, to varying extents, in major public libraries, Federal depository libraries, and university and law libraries throughout the United States. Congressional publications are available, as well, through websites of the Government Printing Office [[www.access.gpo.gov/su docs/index|(<www.access.gpo.gov/su docs/index>)]], the Library of Congress [[http://thomas.loc.gov|(<http://thomas.loc.gov>)]], and the House [[http://www.house.gov|(<www.house.gov/>)]] and the Senate [[http://www.senate.gov/|(<www.senate.gov/>)]], the latter two sites providing avenues to committee Web sites where documents may be posted.+All Members receive a limited allotment of most congressional publications and documents. Committees also maintain a limited supply of hearings transcripts, committee prints, reports, documents, bills, and resolutions. The House and Senate each have a document room that is open to the public where bills, reports, public laws, and certain documents may be obtained free of charge. Some congressional publications and documents are available for purchase from the Superintendent of Documents of the Government Printing Office (GPO). Original or microform copies of the items may also be found, to varying extents, in major public libraries, Federal depository libraries, and university and law libraries throughout the United States. Congressional publications are available, as well, through websites of the Government Printing Office [[http://www.access.gpo.gov/su docs/index|(<www.access.gpo.gov/su docs/index>)]], the Library of Congress [[http://thomas.loc.gov|(<http://thomas.loc.gov>)]], and the House [[http://www.house.gov|(<www.house.gov/>)]] and the Senate [[http://www.senate.gov/|(<www.senate.gov/>)]], the latter two sites providing avenues to committee Web sites where documents may be posted.
  
 ==== 168. How may someone obtain access to unpublished records of Congress? ==== ==== 168. How may someone obtain access to unpublished records of Congress? ====
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 Bibby, John F. //Politics, Parties, and Elections in America.// Chicago, Nelson-Hall, 1999 (4th ed.). Bibby, John F. //Politics, Parties, and Elections in America.// Chicago, Nelson-Hall, 1999 (4th ed.).
  
-//Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 17741996://+//Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774-1996://
  
 Congressional Quarterly, Washington, DC, 1997. Congressional Quarterly, Washington, DC, 1997.
  
-Byrd, Robert C. //The Senate, 17891989.// Washington, DC, U.S.+Byrd, Robert C. //The Senate, 1789-1989.// Washington, DC, U.S.
  
-Govt. Print. Off., 19881991. 2 vols.+Govt. Print. Off., 1988-1991. 2 vols.
  
 Chandler, Ralph Clark (ed.). //A Centennial History of the American Administrative State. //New York, The Free Press, 1987. Chandler, Ralph Clark (ed.). //A Centennial History of the American Administrative State. //New York, The Free Press, 1987.
Line 1503: Line 1479:
 //The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation: Annotations of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to July 2, 1992. //Prepared by the Congressional// //Research Service, Library of Congress. Washington, DC, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1996 (Senate Document 1036, 103rd Congress, 1st Sess.). //The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation: Annotations of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to July 2, 1992. //Prepared by the Congressional// //Research Service, Library of Congress. Washington, DC, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1996 (Senate Document 1036, 103rd Congress, 1st Sess.).
  
-Corwin, Edward S. //The President: Office and Powers, 17871984.//+Corwin, Edward S. //The President: Office and Powers, 1787-1984.//
  
 New York, New York University Press, 1984 (5th rev. ed.). New York, New York University Press, 1984 (5th rev. ed.).
Line 1527: Line 1503:
 Farrand, Max. //The Framing of the Constitution of the United// //States. //New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 1913. Farrand, Max. //The Framing of the Constitution of the United// //States. //New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 1913.
  
-//The Federalist. //[178788] by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. Edited by Benjamin Fletcher Wright. Cambridge, MA, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1961.+//The Federalist. //[1787-88] by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. Edited by Benjamin Fletcher Wright. Cambridge, MA, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1961.
  
 Fesler, James W. and Donald F. Kettl. //The Politics of the Administrative Process. //Chatham, NJ, Chatham House, 1996 (2nd ed.). Fesler, James W. and Donald F. Kettl. //The Politics of the Administrative Process. //Chatham, NJ, Chatham House, 1996 (2nd ed.).
Line 1537: Line 1513:
 Hofstadter, Richard. //The American Political Tradition and the// //Men Who Made It. //Foreword by Christopher Lasch. New York, Vintage Books, 1974 [cl948]. Hofstadter, Richard. //The American Political Tradition and the// //Men Who Made It. //Foreword by Christopher Lasch. New York, Vintage Books, 1974 [cl948].
  
-Hutson, James H. //To Make All Laws: The Congress of the United// //States, 17891989. //Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1990.+Hutson, James H. //To Make All Laws: The Congress of the United// //States, 1789-1989. //Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1990.
  
 Jones, Charles O. //Separate But Equal Branches: Congress and// //the Presidency. //New York, Chatham House, 1999 (2nd ed.). Jones, Charles O. //Separate But Equal Branches: Congress and// //the Presidency. //New York, Chatham House, 1999 (2nd ed.).
Line 1545: Line 1521:
 Kurian, George Thomas (ed.). //A Historical Guide to the U.S. Government. //New York, Oxford University Press, 1998. Kurian, George Thomas (ed.). //A Historical Guide to the U.S. Government. //New York, Oxford University Press, 1998.
  
-Light, Paul C. //The Tides of Reform: Making Government Work,// //19451995. //New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 1997.+Light, Paul C. //The Tides of Reform: Making Government Work,// //1945-1995. //New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 1997.
  
 Lowi, Theodore. //The End of Liberalism: The Second Republic of// //the United States. //New York, Norton, 1979 (2nd ed.). Lowi, Theodore. //The End of Liberalism: The Second Republic of// //the United States. //New York, Norton, 1979 (2nd ed.).
Line 1565: Line 1541:
 Waldo, Dwight. //The Administrative State.// New York, Holmes and Meier, 1984 (rev. ed.). Waldo, Dwight. //The Administrative State.// New York, Holmes and Meier, 1984 (rev. ed.).
  
-White, Leonard D. [Four studies in administrative history] //The// //Federalists. The Jacksonians. The Jeffersonians. //and// The Republican Era, 18691901. //New York, Macmillan, 1948, 1951, 1951, and// //1958, respectively.+White, Leonard D. [Four studies in administrative history] //The// //Federalists. The Jacksonians. The Jeffersonians. //and// The Republican Era, 1869-1901. //New York, Macmillan, 1948, 1951, 1951, and// //1958, respectively.
  
 Wilson, Woodrow. //Congressional Government.// Boston, Houghton, Mifflin, 1885. Wilson, Woodrow. //Congressional Government.// Boston, Houghton, Mifflin, 1885.
Line 1573: Line 1549:
 World Wide Web Sites: World Wide Web Sites:
  
-[[www.congress.gov|www.congress.gov]] [Legislative Information System of Congress]+[[http://www.congress.gov|www.congress.gov]] [Legislative Information System of Congress]
  
-[[www.fedworld.gov|www.fedworld.gov]] [clearinghouse for information at many federal sites]+[[http://www.fedworld.gov|www.fedworld.gov]] [clearinghouse for information at many federal sites]
  
-[[www.loc.gov|www.loc.gov]] [Library of Congress site, including Thomas and legislation]+[[http://www.loc.gov|www.loc.gov]] [Library of Congress site, including Thomas and legislation]
  
-[[www.nara.gov/fedreg|www.nara.gov/fedreg]] [Office of Federal Register publications] +[[http://www.nara.gov/fedreg|www.nara.gov/fedreg]] [Office of Federal Register publications] 
  
-[[www.uscourts.gov|www.uscourts.gov]] [federal judiciary, including Supreme Court]+[[http://www.uscourts.gov|www.uscourts.gov]] [federal judiciary, including Supreme Court]
  
-[[www.whitehouse.gov|www.whitehouse.gov]] [White House and presidential activities].+[[http://www.whitehouse.gov|www.whitehouse.gov]] [White House and presidential activities].
  
 ===== STATE APPORTIONMENT AND HOUSE APPORTIONMENT ===== ===== STATE APPORTIONMENT AND HOUSE APPORTIONMENT =====
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-|  34th ............  |  18551857   62|  42|  15|  5|  ........|  234|  83|  108|  43|  ........|| +|  34th ............  |  1855-1857   62|  42|  15|  5|  ........|  234|  83|  108|  43|  ........|| 
-|  35th ............  |  18571859   64|  39|  20|  5|  ........|  237|  131|  92|  14|  ........|| +|  35th ............  |  1857-1859   64|  39|  20|  5|  ........|  237|  131|  92|  14|  ........|| 
-|  36th ............  |  18591861   66|  38|  26|  2|  ........|  237|  101|  113|  23|  ........|| +|  36th ............  |  1859-1861   66|  38|  26|  2|  ........|  237|  101|  113|  23|  ........|| 
-|  37th ............  |  18611863   50|  11|  31|  7|  1|  178|  42|  106|  28|  2|| +|  37th ............  |  1861-1863   50|  11|  31|  7|  1|  178|  42|  106|  28|  2|| 
-|  38th ............  |  18631865   51|  12|  39|  ........|  ........|  183|  80|  103|  ........|  ........|| +|  38th ............  |  1863-1865   51|  12|  39|  ........|  ........|  183|  80|  103|  ........|  ........|| 
-|  39th ............  |  18651867   52|  10|  42|  ........|  ........|  191|  46|  145|  ........|  ........|| +|  39th ............  |  1865-1867   52|  10|  42|  ........|  ........|  191|  46|  145|  ........|  ........|| 
-|  40th ............  |  18671869   53|  11|  42|  ........|  ........|  193|  49|  143|  ........|  1|| +|  40th ............  |  1867-1869   53|  11|  42|  ........|  ........|  193|  49|  143|  ........|  1|| 
-|  41st ............  |  18691871   74|  11|  61|  ........|  2|  243|  73|  170|  ........|  ........|| +|  41st ............  |  1869-1871   74|  11|  61|  ........|  2|  243|  73|  170|  ........|  ........|| 
-|  42d .............  |  18711873   74|  17|  57|  ........|  ........|  243|  104|  139|  ........|  ........|| +|  42d .............  |  1871-1873   74|  17|  57|  ........|  ........|  243|  104|  139|  ........|  ........|| 
-|  43d .............  |  18731875   74|  19|  54|  ........|  1|  293|  88|  203|  ........|  2|| +|  43d .............  |  1873-1875   74|  19|  54|  ........|  1|  293|  88|  203|  ........|  2|| 
-|  44th ............  |  18751877   76|  29|  46|  ........|  1|  293|  181|  107|  3|  2|| +|  44th ............  |  1875-1877   76|  29|  46|  ........|  1|  293|  181|  107|  3|  2|| 
-|  45th ............  |  18771879   76|  36|  39|  1|  ........|  293|  156|  137|  ........|  ........|| +|  45th ............  |  1877-1879   76|  36|  39|  1|  ........|  293|  156|  137|  ........|  ........|| 
-|  46th ............  |  18791881   76|  43|  33|  ........|  ........|  293|  150|  128|  14|  1|| +|  46th ............  |  1879-1881   76|  43|  33|  ........|  ........|  293|  150|  128|  14|  1|| 
-|  47th ............  |  18811883   76|  37|  37|  2|  ........|  293|  130|  152|  11|  ........|| +|  47th ............  |  1881-1883   76|  37|  37|  2|  ........|  293|  130|  152|  11|  ........|| 
-|  48th ............  |  18831885   76|  36|  40|  ........|  ........|  325|  200|  119|  6|  ........|| +|  48th ............  |  1883-1885   76|  36|  40|  ........|  ........|  325|  200|  119|  6|  ........|| 
-|  49th ............  |  18851887   76|  34|  41|  ........|  1|  325|  182|  140|  2|  1|| +|  49th ............  |  1885-1887   76|  34|  41|  ........|  1|  325|  182|  140|  2|  1|| 
-|  50th ............  |  18871889   76|  37|  39|  ........|  ........|  325|  170|  151|  4|  ........|| +|  50th ............  |  1887-1889   76|  37|  39|  ........|  ........|  325|  170|  151|  4|  ........|| 
-|  51st ............  |  18891891   84|  37|  47|  ........|  ........|  330|  156|  173|  1|  ........|| +|  51st ............  |  1889-1891   84|  37|  47|  ........|  ........|  330|  156|  173|  1|  ........|| 
-|  52d .............  |  18911893   88|  39|  47|  2|  ........|  333|  231|  88|  14|  ........|| +|  52d .............  |  1891-1893   88|  39|  47|  2|  ........|  333|  231|  88|  14|  ........|| 
-|  53d .............  |  18931895   88|  44|  38|  3|  3|  356|  220|  126|  10|  ........|| +|  53d .............  |  1893-1895   88|  44|  38|  3|  3|  356|  220|  126|  10|  ........|| 
-|  54th ............  |  18951897   88|  39|  44|  5|  ........|  357|  104|  246|  7|  ........|| +|  54th ............  |  1895-1897   88|  39|  44|  5|  ........|  357|  104|  246|  7|  ........|| 
-|  55th ............  |  18971899   90|  34|  46|  10|  ........|  357|  134|  206|  16|  1|| +|  55th ............  |  1897-1899   90|  34|  46|  10|  ........|  357|  134|  206|  16|  1|| 
-|  56th ............  |  18991901   90|  26|  53|  11|  ........|  357|  163|  185|  9|  ........|| +|  56th ............  |  1899-1901   90|  26|  53|  11|  ........|  357|  163|  185|  9|  ........|| 
-|  57th ............  |  19011903   90|  29|  56|  3|  2|  357|  153|  198|  5|  1|| +|  57th ............  |  1901-1903   90|  29|  56|  3|  2|  357|  153|  198|  5|  1|| 
-|  58th ............  |  19031905   90|  32|  58|  ........|  ........|  386|  178|  207|  ........|  1|| +|  58th ............  |  1903-1905   90|  32|  58|  ........|  ........|  386|  178|  207|  ........|  1|| 
-|  59th ............  |  19051907   90|  32|  58|  ........|  ........|  386|  136|  250|  ........|  ........|| +|  59th ............  |  1905-1907   90|  32|  58|  ........|  ........|  386|  136|  250|  ........|  ........|| 
-|  60th ............  |  19071909   92|  29|  61|  ........|  2|  386|  164|  222|  ........|  ........|| +|  60th ............  |  1907-1909   92|  29|  61|  ........|  2|  386|  164|  222|  ........|  ........|| 
-|  61st ............  |  19091911   92|  32|  59|  ........|  1|  391|  172|  219|  ........|  ........|| +|  61st ............  |  1909-1911   92|  32|  59|  ........|  1|  391|  172|  219|  ........|  ........|| 
-|  62d .............  |  19111913   92|  42|  49|  ........|  1|  391|  228|  162|  1|  ........|| +|  62d .............  |  1911-1913   92|  42|  49|  ........|  1|  391|  228|  162|  1|  ........|| 
-|  63d .............  |  19131915   96|  51|  44|  1|  ........|  435|  290|  127|  18|  ........|| +|  63d .............  |  1913-1915   96|  51|  44|  1|  ........|  435|  290|  127|  18|  ........|| 
-|  64th ............  |  19151917   96|  56|  39|  1|  ........|  435|  231|  193|  8|  3|| +|  64th ............  |  1915-1917   96|  56|  39|  1|  ........|  435|  231|  193|  8|  3|| 
-|  65th ............  |  19171919   96|  53|  42|  1|  ........|  435|  ((Democrats organized House with help of other parties.)) 210|  216|  9|  ........|| +|  65th ............  |  1917-1919   96|  53|  42|  1|  ........|  435|  ((Democrats organized House with help of other parties.)) 210|  216|  9|  ........|| 
-|  66th ............  |  19191921   96|  47|  48|  1|  ........|  435|  191|  237|  7|  ........|| +|  66th ............  |  1919-1921   96|  47|  48|  1|  ........|  435|  191|  237|  7|  ........|| 
-|  67th ............  |  19211923   96|  37|  59|  ........|  ........|  435|  132|  300|  1|  2|| +|  67th ............  |  1921-1923   96|  37|  59|  ........|  ........|  435|  132|  300|  1|  2|| 
-|  68th ............  |  19231925   96|  43|  51|  2|  ........|  435|  207|  225|  3|  ........|| +|  68th ............  |  1923-1925   96|  43|  51|  2|  ........|  435|  207|  225|  3|  ........|| 
-|  69th ............  |  19251927   96|  40|  54|  1|  1|  435|  183|  247|  5|  ........|| +|  69th ............  |  1925-1927   96|  40|  54|  1|  1|  435|  183|  247|  5|  ........|| 
-|  70th ............  |  19271929   96|  47|  48|  1|  ........|  435|  195|  237|  3|  ........|| +|  70th ............  |  1927-1929   96|  47|  48|  1|  ........|  435|  195|  237|  3|  ........|| 
-|  71st ............  |  19291931   96|  39|  56|  1|  ........|  435|  163|  267|  1|  4|| +|  71st ............  |  1929-1931   96|  39|  56|  1|  ........|  435|  163|  267|  1|  4|| 
-|  72d .............  |  19311933   96|  47|  48|  1|  ........|  435|  ((Democrats organized House because of Republican deaths.)) 216|  218|  1|  ........|| +|  72d .............  |  1931-1933   96|  47|  48|  1|  ........|  435|  ((Democrats organized House because of Republican deaths.)) 216|  218|  1|  ........|| 
-|  73d .............  |  19331935   96|  59|  36|  1|  ........|  435|  313|  117|  5|  ........|| +|  73d .............  |  1933-1935   96|  59|  36|  1|  ........|  435|  313|  117|  5|  ........|| 
-|  74th ............  |  19351937   96|  69|  25|  2|  ........|  435|  322|  103|  10|  ........|| +|  74th ............  |  1935-1937   96|  69|  25|  2|  ........|  435|  322|  103|  10|  ........|| 
-|  75th ............  |  19371939   96|  75|  17|  4|  ........|  435|  333|  89|  13|  ........|| +|  75th ............  |  1937-1939   96|  75|  17|  4|  ........|  435|  333|  89|  13|  ........|| 
-|  76th ............  |  19391941   96|  69|  23|  4|  ........|  435|  262|  169|  4|  ........|| +|  76th ............  |  1939-1941   96|  69|  23|  4|  ........|  435|  262|  169|  4|  ........|| 
-|  77th ............  |  19411943   96|  66|  28|  2|  ........|  435|  267|  162|  6|  ........|| +|  77th ............  |  1941-1943   96|  66|  28|  2|  ........|  435|  267|  162|  6|  ........|| 
-|  78th ............  |  19431945   96|  57|  38|  1|  ........|  435|  222|  209|  4|  ........|| +|  78th ............  |  1943-1945   96|  57|  38|  1|  ........|  435|  222|  209|  4|  ........|| 
-|  79th ............  |  19451947   96|  57|  38|  1|  ........|  435|  243|  190|  2|  ........|| +|  79th ............  |  1945-1947   96|  57|  38|  1|  ........|  435|  243|  190|  2|  ........|| 
-|  80th ............  |  19471949   96|  45|  51|  ........|  ........|  435|  188|  246|  1|  ........|| +|  80th ............  |  1947-1949   96|  45|  51|  ........|  ........|  435|  188|  246|  1|  ........|| 
-|  81st ............  |  19491951   96|  54|  42|  ........|  ........|  435|  263|  171|  1|  ........|| +|  81st ............  |  1949-1951   96|  54|  42|  ........|  ........|  435|  263|  171|  1|  ........|| 
-|  82d .............  |  19511953   96|  48|  47|  1|  ........|  435|  234|  199|  2|  ........|| +|  82d .............  |  1951-1953   96|  48|  47|  1|  ........|  435|  234|  199|  2|  ........|| 
-|  83d .............  |  19531955   96|  46|  48|  2|  ........|  435|  213|  221|  1|  ........|| +|  83d .............  |  1953-1955   96|  46|  48|  2|  ........|  435|  213|  221|  1|  ........|| 
-|  84th ............  |  19551957   96|  48|  47|  1|  ........|  435|  232|  203|  ........|  ........|| +|  84th ............  |  1955-1957   96|  48|  47|  1|  ........|  435|  232|  203|  ........|  ........|| 
-|  85th ............  |  19571959   96|  49|  47|  ........|  ........|  435|  234|  201|  ........|  ........|| +|  85th ............  |  1957-1959   96|  49|  47|  ........|  ........|  435|  234|  201|  ........|  ........|| 
-|  86th ............  |  19591961   98|  64|  34|  ........|  ........|  (( Proclamation declaring Alaska a State issued January 3, 1959.)) 436|  283|  153|  ........|  ........|| +|  86th ............  |  1959-1961   98|  64|  34|  ........|  ........|  (( Proclamation declaring Alaska a State issued January 3, 1959.)) 436|  283|  153|  ........|  ........|| 
-|  87th ............  |  19611963   100|  64|  36|  ........|  ........|  ((Proclamation declaring Hawaii a State issued August 21, 1959.)) 437|  262|  175|  ........|  ........|| +|  87th ............  |  1961-1963   100|  64|  36|  ........|  ........|  ((Proclamation declaring Hawaii a State issued August 21, 1959.)) 437|  262|  175|  ........|  ........|| 
-|  88th ............  |  19631965   100|  67|  33|  ........|  ........|  435|  258|  176|  ........|  1|| +|  88th ............  |  1963-1965   100|  67|  33|  ........|  ........|  435|  258|  176|  ........|  1|| 
-|  89th ............  |  19651967   100|  68|  32|  ........|  ........|  435|  295|  140|  ........|  ........|| +|  89th ............  |  1965-1967   100|  68|  32|  ........|  ........|  435|  295|  140|  ........|  ........|| 
-|  90th ............  |  19671969   100|  64|  36|  ........|  ........|  435|  248|  187|  ........|  ........|| +|  90th ............  |  1967-1969   100|  64|  36|  ........|  ........|  435|  248|  187|  ........|  ........|| 
-|  91st ............  |  19691971   100|  58|  42|  ........|  ........|  435|  243|  192|  ........|  ........|| +|  91st ............  |  1969-1971   100|  58|  42|  ........|  ........|  435|  243|  192|  ........|  ........|| 
-|  92d .............  |  19711973   100|  54|  44|  2|  ........|  435|  255|  180|  ........|  ........||+|  92d .............  |  1971-1973   100|  54|  44|  2|  ........|  435|  255|  180|  ........|  ........||
  
 POLITICAL DIVISIONS OF THE SENATE AND HOUSE FROM 1855 TO 2003—Continued POLITICAL DIVISIONS OF THE SENATE AND HOUSE FROM 1855 TO 2003—Continued
Line 1757: Line 1733:
 |||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||
 |||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||
-|  93d .............  |  19731975   100|  56|  42|  2|  ........  |  435|  242|192|  1|  ........|| +|  93d .............  |  1973-1975   100|  56|  42|  2|  ........  |  435|  242|192|  1|  ........|| 
-|  94th ............  |  19751977   100|  60|  37|  2|  ........  |  435|  291|144|  1|  ........|| +|  94th ............  |  1975-1977   100|  60|  37|  2|  ........  |  435|  291|144|  1|  ........|| 
-|  95th ............  |  19771979   100|  61|  38|  1|  ........  |  435|  292|143|  ........|  ........|| +|  95th ............  |  1977-1979   100|  61|  38|  1|  ........  |  435|  292|143|  ........|  ........|| 
-|  96th ............  |  19791981   100|  58|  41|  1|  ........  |  435|  277|158|  ........|  ........|| +|  96th ............  |  1979-1981   100|  58|  41|  1|  ........  |  435|  277|158|  ........|  ........|| 
-|  97th ............  |  19811983   100|  46|  53|  1|  ........  |  435|  242|192|  1|  ........|| +|  97th ............  |  1981-1983   100|  46|  53|  1|  ........  |  435|  242|192|  1|  ........|| 
-|  98th ............  |  19831985   100|  46|  54|  ........|  ........  |  435|  269|166|  ........|  ........|| +|  98th ............  |  1983-1985   100|  46|  54|  ........|  ........  |  435|  269|166|  ........|  ........|| 
-|  99th ............  |  19851987   100|  47|  53|  ........|  ........  |  435|  253|182|  ........|  ........|| +|  99th ............  |  1985-1987   100|  47|  53|  ........|  ........  |  435|  253|182|  ........|  ........|| 
-|  100th ..........  |  19871989   100|  55|  45|  ........|  ........  |  435|  258|177|  ........|  ........|| +|  100th ..........  |  1987-1989   100|  55|  45|  ........|  ........  |  435|  258|177|  ........|  ........|| 
-|  101st ..........  |  19891991   100|  55|  45|  ........|  ........  |  435|  260|175|  ........|  ........|| +|  101st ..........  |  1989-1991   100|  55|  45|  ........|  ........  |  435|  260|175|  ........|  ........|| 
-|  102d ...........  |  19911993   100|  56|  44|  ........|  ........  |  435|  267|167|  1|  ........|| +|  102d ...........  |  1991-1993   100|  56|  44|  ........|  ........  |  435|  267|167|  1|  ........|| 
-|  103d ...........  |  19931995   100|  57|  43|  ........|  ........  |  435|  258|176|  1|  ........|| +|  103d ...........  |  1993-1995   100|  57|  43|  ........|  ........  |  435|  258|176|  1|  ........|| 
-|  104th ..........  |  19951997   100|  48|  52|  ........|  ........  |  435|  204|230|  1|  ........|| +|  104th ..........  |  1995-1997   100|  48|  52|  ........|  ........  |  435|  204|230|  1|  ........|| 
-|  105th ..........  |  19971999   100|  45|  55|  ........|  ........  |  435|  207|226|  2|  ........|| +|  105th ..........  |  1997-1999   100|  45|  55|  ........|  ........  |  435|  207|226|  2|  ........|| 
-|  106th ..........  |  19992001   100|  45|  55|  ........|  ........  |  435|  211|223|  1|  ........|| +|  106th ..........  |  1999-2001   100|  45|  55|  ........|  ........  |  435|  211|223|  1|  ........|| 
-|  107th ..........  |  20012003   100|  50|  50|  ........|  ........  |  435|  212|221|  2|  ........|| +|  107th ..........  |  2001-2003   100|  50|  50|  ........|  ........  |  435|  212|221|  2|  ........|| 
-|  108th ..........  |  20032005   100|  48|  51|  1|  ........  |  435|  204|229|  1|  1||+|  108th ..........  |  2003-2005   100|  48|  51|  1|  ........  |  435|  204|229|  1|  1||
 |||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||
  
Line 2685: Line 2661:
 Page Page
  
-Acts of Congress* 4750, 66, 67, 7074, 888999103, 166, 167+Acts of Congress* 47-50, 66, 67, 7074, 88-8999-103, 166, 167
  
-Adjournment of Congress* 71, 99103+Adjournment of Congress* 71, 99-103
  
 Amendments to the Constitution* (//See// Constitution. The complete text of Amendments to the Constitution* (//See// Constitution. The complete text of
Line 2699: Line 2675:
 Appendix) 18, 19 Appendix) 18, 19
  
-Appropriation* 4850, 122+Appropriation* 48-50, 122
  
-Armed Forces 53, 56, 57, 9698+Armed Forces 53, 56, 57, 96-98
  
 Architect of the Capitol 42 Architect of the Capitol 42
Line 2711: Line 2687:
 Bill of Rights* (//See also// Constitution. The complete text of the U.S. Constitution, with its amendments, is printed in the Appendix) 5, 7, 8 Bill of Rights* (//See also// Constitution. The complete text of the U.S. Constitution, with its amendments, is printed in the Appendix) 5, 7, 8
  
-Bills in Congress* 7075, 80, 166, 167+Bills in Congress* 70-75, 80, 166, 167
  
 Bipartisanship*Budget* 42, 43, 44, 51, 52 Bipartisanship*Budget* 42, 43, 44, 51, 52
Line 2729: Line 2705:
 Checks and Balances 13, 143 Checks and Balances 13, 143
  
-Civil Service System 124126+Civil Service System 124-126
  
 Citizenship 3, 151 Citizenship 3, 151
Line 2743: Line 2719:
 Confirmation* 53, 54 Confirmation* 53, 54
  
-Congress* (//See also// Congressional Committees, Congressional Process, Congressional Rules, House, Senate) 1491+Congress* (//See also// Congressional Committees, Congressional Process, Congressional Rules, House, Senate) 14-91
  
-Constitutional Powers 5357+Constitutional Powers 53-57
  
 Joint Sessions* 76 Joint Sessions* 76
Line 2765: Line 2741:
 Other types 37 Other types 37
  
-Congressional Committees 7991+Congressional Committees 79-91
  
-Appropriations Committees 4850+Appropriations Committees 48-50
  
 Budget Committee 43, 51, 52 Budget Committee 43, 51, 52
Line 2775: Line 2751:
 Conference Committee 80 Conference Committee 80
  
-Hearings 8890+Hearings 88-90
  
 Joint Committees 87 Joint Committees 87
  
-Legislation 47537074+Legislation 47-5370-74
  
 Ranking Minority Member 91 Ranking Minority Member 91
Line 2787: Line 2763:
 Select Committees 79, 86 Select Committees 79, 86
  
-Seniority Rule 91+Seniority Rule  91
  
-Standing Committees 79, 8185+Standing Committees 79, 81-85
  
 Congressional Districts 18, 19 Congressional Districts 18, 19
Line 2799: Line 2775:
 Appendix) Appendix)
  
-Congressional Documents 75, 158, 160, 166168+Congressional Documents 75, 158, 160, 166-168
  
 Congressional Globe 75 Congressional Globe 75
Line 2805: Line 2781:
 Congressional Interns and Volunteers 45 Congressional Interns and Volunteers 45
  
-Congressional Process and Powers 4778 99103106107117118121123,+Congressional Process and Powers 47-78 99-103106-107117-118121-123,
  
-128, 131, 132, 138141, 143, 144+128, 131, 132, 138-141, 143, 144
  
-Appropriations* 4850, 122+Appropriations* 48-50, 122
  
 Authorizations* 49, 122 Authorizations* 49, 122
  
-Budget 51, 52, 103+Budget  51, 52, 103
  
 Confirmation 54 Confirmation 54
  
-Hearings* 8890+Hearings* 88-90
  
 Oversight 14, 123, 128 Oversight 14, 123, 128
Line 2823: Line 2799:
 Tax Bills 47 Tax Bills 47
  
-Congressional Record 75, 166, 167+Congressional Record  75, 166, 167
  
-Congressional Research Service 4244+Congressional Research Service 42-44
  
-Congressional Rules* 5878+Congressional Rules* 58-78
  
-Acts of Congress 7075, 80, 166, 167+Acts of Congress 70-75, 80, 166, 167
  
-Bills and other measures 7075, 80, 166, 167+Bills and other measures 70-75, 80, 166, 167
  
 Calendars* 166, 167 Calendars* 166, 167
Line 2857: Line 2833:
 Congressional Service Organizations and Caucuses 37 Congressional Service Organizations and Caucuses 37
  
-Congressional Support Agencies 4244+Congressional Support Agencies 42-44
  
-Congressional Staff and Services 4246+Congressional Staff and Services 42-46
  
 Constitution* (//See also// the complete text of the U.S. Constitution, with its Constitution* (//See also// the complete text of the U.S. Constitution, with its
Line 2893: Line 2869:
 Discharge Petition* Discharge Petition*
  
-Election to Office (//See also// Electoral College) 146153+Election to Office (//See also// Electoral College) 146-153
  
 Administration of Elections 152 Administration of Elections 152
Line 2899: Line 2875:
 Election Day 153 Election Day 153
  
-President 106, 107, 114, 146149+President 106, 107, 114, 146-149
  
 Representatives 15, 18, 19, 23, 150 Representatives 15, 18, 19, 23, 150
Line 2905: Line 2881:
 Senators 15, 23, 150 Senators 15, 23, 150
  
-Vice President 114, 115, 146148+Vice President 114, 115, 146-148
  
 Voter Qualifications 151 Voter Qualifications 151
  
-Electoral College 114115147149+Electoral College 114-115147-149
  
 %%''%%Equal Justice Under the Law%%''%% 130 %%''%%Equal Justice Under the Law%%''%% 130
  
-Executive Branch 92126+Executive Branch 92-126
  
-Executive Departments and Agencies (//See also// Cabinet) 121126+Executive Departments and Agencies (//See also// Cabinet) 121-126
  
 Executive Journal of House and Senate 75 Executive Journal of House and Senate 75
Line 2931: Line 2907:
 Filibuster (//See// Senate, Debate) Filibuster (//See// Senate, Debate)
  
-Freedom of Information Act 162165+Freedom of Information Act 162-165
  
-General Accounting Office 4244+General Accounting Office 42-44
  
 Gerrymandering* (//See// Congressional Districts) Gerrymandering* (//See// Congressional Districts)
Line 2939: Line 2915:
 Government Printing Office 42, 167 Government Printing Office 42, 167
  
-House of Representatives 14303338, 41+House of Representatives 14-3033-38, 41
  
 Legislative Counsel 44 Legislative Counsel 44
  
-Officers of House 2630+Officers of House 26-30
  
-Majority Party 3336, 64, 65+Majority Party 33-36, 64, 65
  
-Minority Party 3336, 64, 65+Minority Party 33-36, 64, 65
  
 Quorum* 60 Quorum* 60
Line 2955: Line 2931:
 Impeachment and Removal from Office: Impeachment and Removal from Office:
  
-Justices and Judges 53, 55, 142144+Justices and Judges 53, 55, 142-144
  
 President, Vice President and other U.S. Officers 53, 55, 109 President, Vice President and other U.S. Officers 53, 55, 109
Line 2961: Line 2937:
 Independent Agencies and Commissions 127, 128 Independent Agencies and Commissions 127, 128
  
-Information Resources 154169+Information Resources 154-169
  
-Judicial Branch (//See also// Justices and Judges) 129145+Judicial Branch (//See also// Justices and Judges) 129-145
  
-Appeals Courts 131139+Appeals Courts 131-139
  
 District Courts 131, 138 District Courts 131, 138
Line 2971: Line 2947:
 Justice System 129, 130 Justice System 129, 130
  
-Special Courts 140+Special Courts  140
  
-Supreme Court 131137+Supreme Court 131-137
  
-Justices and Judges 141145+Justices and Judges 141-145
  
-Impeachment and Removal 142144+Impeachment and Removal 142-144
  
 Oath of Office 145 Oath of Office 145
Line 2989: Line 2965:
 Qualifications 141 Qualifications 141
  
-Tenure 142144+Tenure 142-144
  
 %%''%%Lame Duck%%''%% Amendment 11, 104 %%''%%Lame Duck%%''%% Amendment 11, 104
  
-Legislative Branch (//See also// Congress) 1491+Legislative Branch (//See also// Congress) 14-91
  
 Legislative Counsel in House and Senate 44 Legislative Counsel in House and Senate 44
Line 3007: Line 2983:
 National Agricultural Library 161 National Agricultural Library 161
  
-National Library of Medicine 161+National Library of Medicine  161
  
 Presidential Libraries 157 Presidential Libraries 157
Line 3015: Line 2991:
 Delegates 18, 21 Delegates 18, 21
  
-Misconduct and Punishments 24, 25+Misconduct and Punishments  24, 25
  
 Qualifications 15 Qualifications 15
Line 3027: Line 3003:
 Memorials* Memorials*
  
-Merit Systems 124126+Merit Systems 124-126
  
-National Archives 74, 75, 154157, 168+National Archives 74, 75, 154-157, 168
  
 Nomination (//See// Confirmation) Nomination (//See// Confirmation)
Line 3035: Line 3011:
 Oaths of Office: Oaths of Office:
  
-Members of Congress 24+Members of Congress  24
  
 Justices and Judges 145 Justices and Judges 145
Line 3063: Line 3039:
 Assassinations of 113 Assassinations of 113
  
-Constitutional Powers 54, 56, 57, 96103, 117+Constitutional Powers 54, 56, 57, 96-103, 117
  
-Election 106, 107, 112114146149+Election 106, 107, 112-114146-149
  
 Executive Office of the President 93 Executive Office of the President 93
Line 3077: Line 3053:
 Oath 108 Oath 108
  
-Papers 156158+Papers 156-158
  
 Powers and Roles 94, 96, 97 Powers and Roles 94, 96, 97
Line 3091: Line 3067:
 Term 11, 94, 104 Term 11, 94, 104
  
-Vacancy, Disability, Succession 109114+Vacancy, Disability, Succession 109-114
  
 Page Page
Line 3103: Line 3079:
 Qualifications: Qualifications:
  
-Members of Congress 15+Members of Congress  15
  
 Justices 141 Justices 141
Line 3109: Line 3085:
 President 105, 116 President 105, 116
  
-Vice President 116+Vice President  116
  
 Voters 151 Voters 151
Line 3153: Line 3129:
 Legislative Counsel 44 Legislative Counsel 44
  
-Majority Party 3136, 65+Majority Party 31-36, 65
  
-Minority Party 3136, 65+Minority Party 31-36, 65
  
 Officers 32 Officers 32
Line 3181: Line 3157:
 //Sine Die//* (//See //Adjournment) //Sine Die//* (//See //Adjournment)
  
-Speaker of the House 26, 2830, 36, 38, 41, 64, 69, 109, 110+Speaker of the House 26, 28-30, 36, 38, 41, 64, 69, 109, 110
  
 State of the Union Address 118 State of the Union Address 118
  
-Statutes at Large* (//See also// Acts of Congress) 7274+Statutes at Large* (//See also// Acts of Congress) 72-74
  
-Supreme Court 130137+Supreme Court 130-137
  
 Opinions and Decisions 136, 137 Opinions and Decisions 136, 137
Line 3209: Line 3185:
 Senate 23 Senate 23
  
-President 109113+President 109-113
  
 President-elect 114 President-elect 114
Line 3217: Line 3193:
 Vice President-elect 114 Vice President-elect 114
  
-Veto by President* 72, 73, 96, 99103+Veto by President* 72, 73, 96, 99-103
  
 Vice President: Vice President:
  
-Election 115, 146148+Election 115, 146-148
  
 Impeachment 53, 55 Impeachment 53, 55
Line 3231: Line 3207:
 Resignation 111 Resignation 111
  
-Succession 109116+Succession 109-116
  
 Term 11, 104 Term 11, 104
Line 3243: Line 3219:
 War Powers* (//See also// Armed Forces; President) 53, 56, 57, 96, 98 War Powers* (//See also// Armed Forces; President) 53, 56, 57, 96, 98
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documents/external/our-american-government-2003.txt · Last modified: 2021/02/23 16:14 by 127.0.0.1