documents:external:our-american-government-2003
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| documents:external:our-american-government-2003 [2019/10/04 21:03] – Oliver Wolcott | documents:external:our-american-government-2003 [2019/11/15 19:40] – [15.What qualifications are prescribed for a Member of Congress] Oliver Wolcott | ||
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| | 108TH CONGRESS | | 108TH CONGRESS | ||
| | //1st Session// | | //1st Session// | ||
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| <WRAP center round download 60%> | <WRAP center round download 60%> | ||
| - | Download source: [[https:// | + | Download source: [[https:// |
| </ | </ | ||
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| **CONTENTS** | **CONTENTS** | ||
| + | <WRAP center round info 60%> | ||
| + | The page numbers in the Contents here refer to the page numbers in the printed or PDF version and have no relevance on this Wiki page. | ||
| + | Use the Wiki __Table of Contents__ or | ||
| + | Use the browser search to find words or phrases in this page. | ||
| + | </ | ||
| ^ ^ Page ^ | ^ ^ Page ^ | ||
| | Foreword | | Foreword | ||
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| At the most basic level, the right to vote gives the citizen a chance to help select those who will ultimately be responsible for determining public policy. Beyond casting the ballot, a citizen may actively assist in nominating and electing preferred public officials through volunteer activities and campaign donations. The participation of citizens in the electoral process contributes greatly to the sense of legitimacy of the Government. | At the most basic level, the right to vote gives the citizen a chance to help select those who will ultimately be responsible for determining public policy. Beyond casting the ballot, a citizen may actively assist in nominating and electing preferred public officials through volunteer activities and campaign donations. The participation of citizens in the electoral process contributes greatly to the sense of legitimacy of the Government. | ||
| - | Citizen involvement in the Government need not be manifested only during election campaigns. Legislators are accustomed to hearing from constituents expressing opinions about issues of the day, and procedures exist that mandate that executive agencies allow time for public comment before proposed regulations become final. Individuals may also join with others who hold similar views | + | Citizen involvement in the Government need not be manifested only during election campaigns. Legislators are accustomed to hearing from constituents expressing opinions about issues of the day, and procedures exist that mandate that executive agencies allow time for public comment before proposed regulations become final. Individuals may also join with others who hold similar views to make the most of their influence with Government on particular issues; this is how interest groups or political action committees are established and the lobbying process begins. |
| - | + | ||
| - | to make the most of their influence with Government on particular issues; this is how interest groups or political action committees are established and the lobbying process begins. | + | |
| ==== 4. What contributions has our country made to the institution of government? ==== | ==== 4. What contributions has our country made to the institution of government? ==== | ||
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| **MEMBERS, OFFICES, AND STAFF** | **MEMBERS, OFFICES, AND STAFF** | ||
| - | ==== 15.What qualifications are prescribed for a Member of Congress ==== | + | ==== 15. What qualifications are prescribed for a Member of Congress ==== |
| The Constitution (Article 1, Section 2 for the House and Section 3 for the Senate) prescribes qualifications for Members of Congress. | The Constitution (Article 1, Section 2 for the House and Section 3 for the Senate) prescribes qualifications for Members of Congress. | ||
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| The Capitol Hill office complex includes offices for House and Senate leaders and officers and for certain committees in the Capitol building itself, plus five House office buildings and three Senate office buildings, plus additional rented space in commercial office buildings near Union Station, north of the Capitol. | The Capitol Hill office complex includes offices for House and Senate leaders and officers and for certain committees in the Capitol building itself, plus five House office buildings and three Senate office buildings, plus additional rented space in commercial office buildings near Union Station, north of the Capitol. | ||
| - | The three main House office buildings are located on Independence Avenue, south of the Capitol. Proceeding from east to west, the three buildings are the Cannon House Office Building, completed in 1908; the Longworth House Office Building, completed in 1933; and the Rayburn House Office Building, completed in 1965. The buildings are named for the Speakers of the House at the time the construction of the buildings was authorized. In these buildings are located the personal offices of each Member of the House, as well as the offices of House standing committees. Two additional buildings were purchased in 1957 and 1975 for use by the House for additional office space. The first building, on C Street behind the Cannon Office Building, was renamed the Thomas P. O' | + | The three main House office buildings are located on Independence Avenue, south of the Capitol. Proceeding from east to west, the three buildings are the Cannon House Office Building, completed in 1908; the Longworth House Office Building, completed in 1933; and the Rayburn House Office Building, completed in 1965. The buildings are named for the Speakers of the House at the time the construction of the buildings was authorized. In these buildings are located the personal offices of each Member of the House, as well as the offices of House standing committees. Two additional buildings were purchased in 1957 and 1975 for use by the House for additional office space. The first building, on C Street behind the Cannon Office Building, was renamed the Thomas P. O' |
| The Senate office buildings are located on Constitution Avenue, northeast of the Capitol. The buildings were completed in 1909, 1958, and 1982, and are named in honor of influential 20th century | The Senate office buildings are located on Constitution Avenue, northeast of the Capitol. The buildings were completed in 1909, 1958, and 1982, and are named in honor of influential 20th century | ||
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| ==== 50. What are the different types of appropriation measures? ==== | ==== 50. What are the different types of appropriation measures? ==== | ||
| - | Appropriations are provided in three different types of appropriation measures. Regular appropriation bills are a series of measures that together fund many Federal operations and programs for a fiscal year (October 1September 30). Each of the 13 subcommittees of the House and Senate Appropriations Committees manages one regular appropriation bill. A supplemental appropriation bill is a measure which provides funds if a need develops that is too urgent to be postponed until the next fiscal year. Finally, a continuing resolution is a measure that provides stopgap funding if Congress is | + | Appropriations are provided in three different types of appropriation measures. Regular appropriation bills are a series of measures that together fund many Federal operations and programs for a fiscal year (October 1September 30). Each of the 13 subcommittees of the House and Senate Appropriations Committees manages one regular appropriation bill. A supplemental appropriation bill is a measure which provides funds if a need develops that is too urgent to be postponed until the next fiscal year. Finally, a continuing resolution is a measure that provides stopgap funding if Congress is unable to complete action on one or more regular appropriation bills before the beginning of a fiscal year. |
| - | + | ||
| - | unable to complete action on one or more regular appropriation bills before the beginning of a fiscal year. | + | |
| All regular appropriation bills as well as supplemental appropriation bills that fund more than a single agency or purpose are also referred to as general appropriation bills. | All regular appropriation bills as well as supplemental appropriation bills that fund more than a single agency or purpose are also referred to as general appropriation bills. | ||
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| Sequestration is an across-the-board cut in Federal spending pursuant to a Presidential order. A sequestration order can only be issued if Congress fails to meet a budgetary requirement, | Sequestration is an across-the-board cut in Federal spending pursuant to a Presidential order. A sequestration order can only be issued if Congress fails to meet a budgetary requirement, | ||
| - | 53. What are the powers of Congress as provided in the Constitution? | + | ==== 53. What are the powers of Congress as provided in the Constitution? |
| The Constitution (Article 1, Section 8) empowers Congress to levy taxes, collect revenue, pay debts, and provide for the general welfare; borrow money; regulate interstate and foreign commerce; establish uniform rules of naturalization and bankruptcy; coin money and regulate its value; punish counterfeiters; | The Constitution (Article 1, Section 8) empowers Congress to levy taxes, collect revenue, pay debts, and provide for the general welfare; borrow money; regulate interstate and foreign commerce; establish uniform rules of naturalization and bankruptcy; coin money and regulate its value; punish counterfeiters; | ||
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| ==== 67. How are record votes taken in Congress? ==== | ==== 67. How are record votes taken in Congress? ==== | ||
| - | Most votes are taken by a simple voice method, in which the yeas and nays are called out, respectively, | + | Most votes are taken by a simple voice method, in which the yeas and nays are called out, respectively, |
| - | + | ||
| - | Constitution simply provides that %%'' | + | |
| ==== 68. Are there time limitations on debate in Congress? ==== | ==== 68. Are there time limitations on debate in Congress? ==== | ||
| Line 572: | Line 569: | ||
| A bill that is to be introduced is typed on a special House or Senate form and signed by the Representative or Senator who will introduce it. In the House, a Representative may introduce a bill any time the House is in session by placing it in a special box known as the %%'' | A bill that is to be introduced is typed on a special House or Senate form and signed by the Representative or Senator who will introduce it. In the House, a Representative may introduce a bill any time the House is in session by placing it in a special box known as the %%'' | ||
| - | ==== 71. When does a bill, introduced at the beginning of a Congress, become | + | ==== 71. When does a bill, introduced at the beginning of a Congress, become |
| A bill may be introduced at any point during a two-year Congress, and remains eligible for consideration throughout the duration of that Congress until the Congress ends or adjourns sine die. | A bill may be introduced at any point during a two-year Congress, and remains eligible for consideration throughout the duration of that Congress until the Congress ends or adjourns sine die. | ||
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| ==== 91. What is meant by the " | ==== 91. What is meant by the " | ||
| - | It had been the custom whereby a member who served longest on the majority side of a committee became its chairman or if on the minority, its ranking member. Members were ranked from the | + | It had been the custom whereby a member who served longest on the majority side of a committee became its chairman or if on the minority, its ranking member. Members were ranked from the chairman or ranking member down, according to length of service on the committee. |
| - | + | ||
| - | chairman or ranking member down, according to length of service on the committee. | + | |
| Modifications—including party practices, term limits on chairmanships, | Modifications—including party practices, term limits on chairmanships, | ||
| Line 777: | Line 772: | ||
| In addition to express powers, the President possesses powers that are not enumerated within the Constitution' | In addition to express powers, the President possesses powers that are not enumerated within the Constitution' | ||
| - | For example, although the Constitution does not grant to the President express power to remove administrators from their offices, as the chief executive, the President holds power over executive branch officers, unless such removal power is limited by public law. The President, however, does not have such implied authority over officers in independent establishments. When President | + | For example, although the Constitution does not grant to the President express power to remove administrators from their offices, as the chief executive, the President holds power over executive branch officers, unless such removal power is limited by public law. The President, however, does not have such implied authority over officers in independent establishments. When President Franklin D. Roosevelt removed a member of the Federal Trade Commission, an independent regulatory agency, and not part of the executive branch, the Supreme Court, in 1935, ruled the removal invalid. |
| - | + | ||
| - | Franklin D. Roosevelt removed a member of the Federal Trade Commission, an independent regulatory agency, and not part of the executive branch, the Supreme Court, in 1935, ruled the removal invalid. | + | |
| Another implied constitutional power is derived from the President' | Another implied constitutional power is derived from the President' | ||
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| ==== 100. Have many bills been vetoed by Presidents? ==== | ==== 100. Have many bills been vetoed by Presidents? ==== | ||
| - | As of August 31, 2003, U.S. Presidents have vetoed 2,550 bills presented to them by Congress. Of that total number, 1,484 were | + | As of August 31, 2003, U.S. Presidents have vetoed 2,550 bills presented to them by Congress. Of that total number, 1,484 were regular vetoes, and 1,066 were pocket vetoes. This may appear to be a large number of vetoes, but it actually represents about 3 percent of the approximately 93,555 bills presented to U.S. Presidents since George Washington. (See the accompanying table, Vetoes by Presidents.) |
| - | + | ||
| - | regular vetoes, and 1,066 were pocket vetoes. This may appear to be a large number of vetoes, but it actually represents about 3 percent of the approximately 93,555 bills presented to U.S. Presidents since George Washington. (See the accompanying table, Vetoes by Presidents.) | + | |
| VETOES BY PRESIDENTS | VETOES BY PRESIDENTS | ||
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| |James E. Carter ....................................................................................| | |James E. Carter ....................................................................................| | ||
| |Ronald W. Reagan ................................................................................| | |Ronald W. Reagan ................................................................................| | ||
| - | |George H.W. Bush .................................................................................| | + | |George H.W. Bush .................................................................................| |
| |William J. Clinton | |William J. Clinton | ||
| |George W. Bush ....................................................................................| | |George W. Bush ....................................................................................| | ||
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| ||||||||| | ||||||||| | ||
| - | *President Bush asserted that two bills were not enacted into law under the pocket veto provisions of the Constitution because Congress was in recess. Congress, however, maintained that these were not vetoes because they required action within 10 days of receipt by the President; both ultimately were considered to be law. A third bill was asserted by President Bush to be pocket-vetoed during a congressional recess, but he returned a veto message to the originating House and it was treated as a regular veto. For further explanation, | ||
| ==== 101. Are acts often passed over the President' | ==== 101. Are acts often passed over the President' | ||
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| ==== 104. What is the date for the commencement of a President' | ==== 104. What is the date for the commencement of a President' | ||
| - | When the Constitution was ratified, Congress was given power to determine the date for beginning the operations of the new administration. Congress set the date of March 4, 1789. Although George Washington did not take the oath of office until April 30, 1789, his term began March 4. Later, the 20th or so-called %%'' | + | When the Constitution was ratified, Congress was given power to determine the date for beginning the operations of the new administration. Congress set the date of March 4, 1789. Although George Washington did not take the oath of office until April 30, 1789, his term began March 4. Later, the 20th or so-called %%'' |
| - | + | ||
| - | Franklin D. Roosevelt became the first President to take the oath on January 20. When inauguration day falls on a Sunday, it is traditional practice for the President to take the oath privately on January 20 and to hold the public ceremony the following day. | + | |
| ==== 105. What qualifications are prescribed for the President? ==== | ==== 105. What qualifications are prescribed for the President? ==== | ||
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| ==== 113. Of these successions, | ==== 113. Of these successions, | ||
| - | Four: Abraham Lincoln, James A. Garfield, William McKinley, and John F. Kennedy were assassinated. Andrew Johnson served as President all but 1 month of Lincoln' | + | Four: Abraham Lincoln, James A. Garfield, William McKinley, and John F. Kennedy were assassinated. Andrew Johnson served as President all but 1 month of Lincoln' |
| - | + | ||
| - | Arthur served 3< | + | |
| ==== 114. What would happen if the President-elect were to die before taking office? ==== | ==== 114. What would happen if the President-elect were to die before taking office? ==== | ||
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| ==== 122. How are executive departments and agencies funded? ==== | ==== 122. How are executive departments and agencies funded? ==== | ||
| - | Most depend on annual appropriations passed by Congress. In some cases, though, the appropriation is permanent and requires no annual action by Congress. Certain agencies also operate from revenue received when loans are repaid and from non-appropriated | + | Most depend on annual appropriations passed by Congress. In some cases, though, the appropriation is permanent and requires no annual action by Congress. Certain agencies also operate from revenue received when loans are repaid and from non-appropriated funds such as money received from theaters, post exchanges on military bases, and various other types of user fees. |
| - | + | ||
| - | funds such as money received from theaters, post exchanges on military bases, and various other types of user fees. | + | |
| ==== 123. Who oversees the operations of executive departments and agencies? ==== | ==== 123. Who oversees the operations of executive departments and agencies? ==== | ||
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| ==== 128. To whom are independent agencies and commissions responsible? | ==== 128. To whom are independent agencies and commissions responsible? | ||
| - | Independent regulatory commissions, | + | Independent regulatory commissions, |
| - | + | ||
| - | President. In some cases, Government-sponsored enterprises may also have directors who are private citizens. While all of the independent regulatory commissions and most of the Government-sponsored enterprises submit their budget requests to OMB for review and clearance, the degree of dependence on these budgets varies considerably. While nearly all of the Government-sponsored enterprises generate a substantial part of their financial resources from outside sources, almost all the independent regulatory commissions rely on the Government for their funding. | + | |
| Activities of all of these entities are presented in public reports which are prepared annually. In addition, they are subject to periodic authorization and appropriations hearings in Congress, where their activities and operations can be reviewed. | Activities of all of these entities are presented in public reports which are prepared annually. In addition, they are subject to periodic authorization and appropriations hearings in Congress, where their activities and operations can be reviewed. | ||
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| ==== 142. What is the tenure of a Federal judge? ==== | ==== 142. What is the tenure of a Federal judge? ==== | ||
| - | Judges of the Court of Federal Claims, Tax Court, Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces, and Court of Veterans Appeals have | + | Judges of the Court of Federal Claims, Tax Court, Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces, and Court of Veterans Appeals have terms of 15 years, and judges of the territorial District Courts in Guam, the Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands have 10year terms. Otherwise, the judges of the courts mentioned in the preceding questions, including the Supreme Court, courts of appeals, and most Federal district courts, have %%'' |
| - | + | ||
| - | terms of 15 years, and judges of the territorial District Courts in Guam, the Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands have 10year terms. Otherwise, the judges of the courts mentioned in the preceding questions, including the Supreme Court, courts of appeals, and most Federal district courts, have %%'' | + | |
| ==== 143. Why do most Federal judges have "good behaviour" | ==== 143. Why do most Federal judges have "good behaviour" | ||
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| The Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act of 1987 guarantees the right of persons in military service or living abroad to vote by absentee ballot in Federal elections. The Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act of 1984 mandates Federal standards of physical accessibility for polling places and registration sites and requires the availability of large type ballots and hearing devices for the handicapped. | The Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act of 1987 guarantees the right of persons in military service or living abroad to vote by absentee ballot in Federal elections. The Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act of 1984 mandates Federal standards of physical accessibility for polling places and registration sites and requires the availability of large type ballots and hearing devices for the handicapped. | ||
| - | Voters must also meet State requirements in order to vote, the most common of which is registration. Citizens in 46 States and the District of Columbia must register between 10 and 50 days in advance of election day, while the States of Maine, Minnesota, and | + | Voters must also meet State requirements in order to vote, the most common of which is registration. Citizens in 46 States and the District of Columbia must register between 10 and 50 days in advance of election day, while the States of Maine, Minnesota, and Wisconsin provide for registration on election day. In addition, North Dakota does not require registration of voters, relying instead on presentation of personal identification at the polls. Thirty States and the District of Columbia require that voters be residents for a period of between 1 and 50 days prior to election day. In addition, most States bar registration and voting by convicted felons and those judged mentally incompetent. |
| - | + | ||
| - | Wisconsin provide for registration on election day. In addition, North Dakota does not require registration of voters, relying instead on presentation of personal identification at the polls. Thirty States and the District of Columbia require that voters be residents for a period of between 1 and 50 days prior to election day. In addition, most States bar registration and voting by convicted felons and those judged mentally incompetent. | + | |
| ==== 152. Who is responsible for the administration of elections in the United States? ==== | ==== 152. Who is responsible for the administration of elections in the United States? ==== | ||
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| ==== 157. What are these Presidential libraries and where are they located? ==== | ==== 157. What are these Presidential libraries and where are they located? ==== | ||
| - | The Presidential libraries managed by the National Archives began with President Franklin D. Roosevelt, but the current program was established with the Presidential Libraries Act of 1955. Under the terms of this law, a former President or heirs may purchase land, usually near the former President' | + | The Presidential libraries managed by the National Archives began with President Franklin D. Roosevelt, but the current program was established with the Presidential Libraries Act of 1955. Under the terms of this law, a former President or heirs may purchase land, usually near the former President' |
| ==== 158. Are there libraries across the United States that regularly receive copies of Federal Government publications as they are produced? ==== | ==== 158. Are there libraries across the United States that regularly receive copies of Federal Government publications as they are produced? ==== | ||
| - | Many years ago, Congress recognized the desirability of making Government publications available to the public. The depository library program was created by Congress in order to promote the American public' | + | Many years ago, Congress recognized the desirability of making Government publications available to the public. The depository library program was created by Congress in order to promote the American public' |
| ==== 159. What is the Federal Citizen Information Center Program? ==== | ==== 159. What is the Federal Citizen Information Center Program? ==== | ||
| - | Established in 1966 and managed by the Administrator of the General Services Administration, | + | Established in 1966 and managed by the Administrator of the General Services Administration, |
| ==== 160. What special information resources may be found at the Library of Congress? ==== | ==== 160. What special information resources may be found at the Library of Congress? ==== | ||
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| The Library of Congress in Washington, DC—which was established by an act of April 24, 1800 appropriating $5,000 %%'' | The Library of Congress in Washington, DC—which was established by an act of April 24, 1800 appropriating $5,000 %%'' | ||
| - | The Library' | + | The Library' |
| ==== 161. What special information resources are found in other Federal libraries? ==== | ==== 161. What special information resources are found in other Federal libraries? ==== | ||
| - | The national medical collection is located at the National Library of Medicine <// | + | The national medical collection is located at the National Library of Medicine <http:// |
| ==== 162. How may someone get access to unpublished Federal records that are still in agency files? ==== | ==== 162. How may someone get access to unpublished Federal records that are still in agency files? ==== | ||
| Line 1265: | Line 1243: | ||
| ==== 167. Where are these congressional publications available? ==== | ==== 167. Where are these congressional publications available? ==== | ||
| - | All Members receive a limited allotment of most congressional publications and documents. Committees also maintain a limited supply of hearings transcripts, | + | All Members receive a limited allotment of most congressional publications and documents. Committees also maintain a limited supply of hearings transcripts, |
| ==== 168. How may someone obtain access to unpublished records of Congress? ==== | ==== 168. How may someone obtain access to unpublished records of Congress? ==== | ||
| Line 1571: | Line 1549: | ||
| World Wide Web Sites: | World Wide Web Sites: | ||
| - | [[www.congress.gov|www.congress.gov]] [Legislative Information System of Congress] | + | [[http://www.congress.gov|www.congress.gov]] [Legislative Information System of Congress] |
| - | [[www.fedworld.gov|www.fedworld.gov]] [clearinghouse for information at many federal sites] | + | [[http://www.fedworld.gov|www.fedworld.gov]] [clearinghouse for information at many federal sites] |
| - | [[www.loc.gov|www.loc.gov]] [Library of Congress site, including Thomas and legislation] | + | [[http://www.loc.gov|www.loc.gov]] [Library of Congress site, including Thomas and legislation] |
| - | [[www.nara.gov/ | + | [[http://www.nara.gov/ |
| - | [[www.uscourts.gov|www.uscourts.gov]] [federal judiciary, including Supreme Court] | + | [[http://www.uscourts.gov|www.uscourts.gov]] [federal judiciary, including Supreme Court] |
| - | [[www.whitehouse.gov|www.whitehouse.gov]] [White House and presidential activities]. | + | [[http://www.whitehouse.gov|www.whitehouse.gov]] [White House and presidential activities]. |
| - | STATE APPORTIONMENT AND HOUSE APPORTIONMENT | + | ===== STATE APPORTIONMENT AND HOUSE APPORTIONMENT |
| [Based on the 2000 Census] | [Based on the 2000 Census] | ||
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| *The average size congressional district for each state is calculated on the resident population for each state (which is the apportionment population minus the overseas military (and other federal) employees. In 2003, the nationwide mean population for a district was 645,632, the median was 642,850, the minimum population was 493,782 and the maximum was 902,195. | *The average size congressional district for each state is calculated on the resident population for each state (which is the apportionment population minus the overseas military (and other federal) employees. In 2003, the nationwide mean population for a district was 645,632, the median was 642,850, the minimum population was 493,782 and the maximum was 902,195. | ||
| - | POLITICAL DIVISIONS OF THE SENATE AND HOUSE FROM 1855 TO 2003 | + | ===== POLITICAL DIVISIONS OF THE SENATE AND HOUSE FROM 1855 TO 2003 ===== |
| [All Figures Reflect Immediate Result of Elections. Figures Supplied by the Clerk of the House] | [All Figures Reflect Immediate Result of Elections. Figures Supplied by the Clerk of the House] | ||
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| | 63d ............. | | 63d ............. | ||
| | 64th ............ | | 64th ............ | ||
| - | | 65th ............ | + | | 65th ............ |
| | 66th ............ | | 66th ............ | ||
| | 67th ............ | | 67th ............ | ||
| Line 1719: | Line 1697: | ||
| | 70th ............ | | 70th ............ | ||
| | 71st ............ | | 71st ............ | ||
| - | | 72d ............. | + | | 72d ............. |
| | 73d ............. | | 73d ............. | ||
| | 74th ............ | | 74th ............ | ||
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| | 84th ............ | | 84th ............ | ||
| | 85th ............ | | 85th ............ | ||
| - | | 86th ............ | + | | 86th ............ |
| - | | 87th ............ | + | | 87th ............ |
| | 88th ............ | | 88th ............ | ||
| | 89th ............ | | 89th ............ | ||
| Line 1773: | Line 1751: | ||
| |||||||||||||| | |||||||||||||| | ||
| - | *Democrats organized House with help of other parties. | + | ===== THE DECLARATION OF THE UNITED STATES ===== |
| - | | + | **IN CONGRESS, JULY 4, 1776.** |
| - | + | ||
| - | | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | *Proclamation declaring Hawaii a State issued August 21, 1959. | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | IN CONGRESS, JULY 4, 1776. | + | |
| THE UNANIMOUS | THE UNANIMOUS | ||
| Line 1923: | Line 1895: | ||
| [Explanatory Note: On January 18, 1777, Congress, then sitting in Baltimore, Maryland, ordered that authenticated copies of the Declaration be sent to the States. This version was printed by Mary Katherine Goddard of Baltimore and is known as the Goddard Broadside. Earlier, on July 19, 1776, Congress had %%'' | [Explanatory Note: On January 18, 1777, Congress, then sitting in Baltimore, Maryland, ordered that authenticated copies of the Declaration be sent to the States. This version was printed by Mary Katherine Goddard of Baltimore and is known as the Goddard Broadside. Earlier, on July 19, 1776, Congress had %%'' | ||
| - | **Constitution of the United States** | + | ===== Constitution of the United States |
| //We the People //of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect// //Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, | //We the People //of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect// //Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, | ||
| Line 1929: | Line 1901: | ||
| ARTICLE. I. | ARTICLE. I. | ||
| - | SECTION. 1. All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.< | + | SECTION. 1. All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.((This text of the Constitution follows the engrossed copy signed by Gen. Washington and the deputies from 12 States. The small superior figures preceding the paragraphs designate clauses, and were not in the original and have reference to footnotes. |
| - | + | ||
| - | *This text of the Constitution follows the engrossed copy signed by Gen. Washington and the deputies from 12 States. The small superior figures preceding the paragraphs designate clauses, and were not in the original and have reference to footnotes. | + | |
| The Constitution was adopted by a convention of the States on September 17, 1787, and was subsequently ratified by the several States, on the following dates: Delaware, December 7, 1787; Pennsylvania, | The Constitution was adopted by a convention of the States on September 17, 1787, and was subsequently ratified by the several States, on the following dates: Delaware, December 7, 1787; Pennsylvania, | ||
| Line 1941: | Line 1911: | ||
| In May 1785, a committee of Congress made a report recommending an alteration in the Articles of Confederation, | In May 1785, a committee of Congress made a report recommending an alteration in the Articles of Confederation, | ||
| - | Congress, on the 21st of February, 1787, adopted a resolution in favor of a convention, and the Legislatures of those States which had not already done so (with the exception of Rhode Island) promptly appointed delegates. On the 25th of May, seven States having convened, George Washington, of Virginia, was unanimously elected President, and the consideration of the proposed constitution was commenced. On the 17th of September, 1787, the Constitution as engrossed and agreed upon was signed by all the members present, except Mr. Gerry of Massachusetts, | + | Congress, on the 21st of February, 1787, adopted a resolution in favor of a convention, and the Legislatures of those States which had not already done so (with the exception of Rhode Island) promptly appointed delegates. On the 25th of May, seven States having convened, George Washington, of Virginia, was unanimously elected President, and the consideration of the proposed constitution was commenced. On the 17th of September, 1787, the Constitution as engrossed and agreed upon was signed by all the members present, except Mr. Gerry of Massachusetts, |
| - | Continued | + | On the 4th of March, 1789, the day which had been fixed for commencing the operations of Government under the new Constitution, |
| + | |||
| + | The President informed Congress, on the 28th of January, 1790, that North Carolina had ratified the Constitution November 21, 1789; and he informed Congress on the 1st of June, 1790, that Rhode Island had ratified the Constitution May 29, 1790. Vermont, in convention, ratified the Constitution January 10, 1791, and was, by an act of Congress approved February 18, 1791, %%'' | ||
| SECTION. 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature. | SECTION. 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature. | ||
| Line 1949: | Line 1921: | ||
| No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the Age of twenty five Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen. | No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the Age of twenty five Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen. | ||
| - | Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons.<sup>2</ | + | Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons.((The part of this clause relating to the mode of apportionment of representatives among the several States has been affected by section |
| When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies. | When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies. | ||
| Line 1955: | Line 1927: | ||
| The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and other Officers; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment. | The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and other Officers; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment. | ||
| - | SECTION. 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof,< | + | SECTION. 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof,((This clause has been affected by clause 1 of amendment XVII. for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote.)) |
| - | + | ||
| - | Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the second Year, of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year, and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one third may be chosen every | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | be put in operation, and an explanatory letter. Congress, on 28th of September, 1787, directed the Constitution so framed, with the resolutions and letter concerning the same, to %%'' | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | On the 4th of March, 1789, the day which had been fixed for commencing the operations of Government under the new Constitution, | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | The President informed Congress, on the 28th of January, 1790, that North Carolina had ratified the Constitution November 21, 1789; and he informed Congress on the 1st of June, 1790, that Rhode Island had ratified the Constitution May 29, 1790. Vermont, in convention, ratified the Constitution January 10, 1791, and was, by an act of Congress approved February 18, 1791, %%'' | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | *The part of this clause relating to the mode of apportionment of representatives among the several States has been affected by section 2 of amendment XIV, and as to taxes on incomes without apportionment by amendment XVI. | + | |
| - | *This clause has been affected by clause 1 of amendment XVII. | + | |
| - | second Year; and if Vacancies happen by Resignation, | + | Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the second Year, of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year, and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one third may be chosen every second Year; and if Vacancies happen by Resignation, |
| No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. | No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. | ||
| Line 1982: | Line 1943: | ||
| SECTION. 4. The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, | SECTION. 4. The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, | ||
| - | The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December,< | + | The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December,((This clause has been affected by amendment XX.)) unless they shall by Law appoint a different Day. |
| SECTION. 5. Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; but a smaller Number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members, in such Manner, and under such Penalties as each House may provide. | SECTION. 5. Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; but a smaller Number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members, in such Manner, and under such Penalties as each House may provide. | ||
| Line 1992: | Line 1953: | ||
| Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. | Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. | ||
| - | SECTION. 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and | + | SECTION. 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States.((This clause has been affected by amendment |
| - | + | ||
| - | *This clause has been affected by clause 2 of amendment XVIII. | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | *This clause has been affected by amendment | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | paid out of the Treasury of the United States.< | + | |
| No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have been encreased during such time; and no Person holding any Office under the United States, shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office. | No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have been encreased during such time; and no Person holding any Office under the United States, shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office. | ||
| Line 2014: | Line 1969: | ||
| To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes; | To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes; | ||
| - | To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, | + | To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, |
| - | + | ||
| - | and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures; | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | *This clause has been affected by amendment XXVII. | + | |
| To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current Coin of the United States; | To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current Coin of the United States; | ||
| Line 2052: | Line 2003: | ||
| No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed. | No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed. | ||
| - | No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in Proportion to the Census or Enumeration herein before directed to be taken.< | + | No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in Proportion to the Census or Enumeration herein before directed to be taken.((This clause has been affected |
| - | + | ||
| - | No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State. No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another: nor shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | pay Duties in another. | + | |
| - | *This clause has been affected | + | No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State. No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another: nor shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay Duties in another. |
| No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time. | No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time. | ||
| Line 2078: | Line 2025: | ||
| The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by Ballot for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a List of all the Persons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for each; which List they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, | The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by Ballot for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a List of all the Persons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for each; which List they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, | ||
| - | said House shall in like Manner chuse the President. But in chusing the President, the Votes shall be taken by States, the Representation from each State having one Vote; A quorum for this Purpose shall consist of a Member or Members from two thirds of the States, and a Majority of all the States shall be necessary to a Choice. In every Case, after the Choice of the President, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of the Electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal Votes, the Senate shall chuse from them by Ballot the Vice President.< | + | said House shall in like Manner chuse the President. But in chusing the President, the Votes shall be taken by States, the Representation from each State having one Vote; A quorum for this Purpose shall consist of a Member or Members from two thirds of the States, and a Majority of all the States shall be necessary to a Choice. In every Case, after the Choice of the President, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of the Electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal Votes, the Senate shall chuse from them by Ballot the Vice President.((This clause has been superseded by amendment XII.)) |
| The Congress may determine the Time of chusing the Electors, and the Day on which they shall give their Votes; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States. | The Congress may determine the Time of chusing the Electors, and the Day on which they shall give their Votes; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States. | ||
| Line 2084: | Line 2031: | ||
| No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, | No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, | ||
| - | In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death, Resignation, | + | In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death, Resignation, |
| The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services, a Compensation, | The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services, a Compensation, | ||
| Line 2092: | Line 2039: | ||
| SECTION. 2. The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, | SECTION. 2. The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, | ||
| - | He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, | + | He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, |
| - | + | ||
| - | *This clause has been superseded by amendment XII. | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | *This clause has been affected by amendment XXV. | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments. | + | |
| The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session. | The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session. | ||
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| SECTION. 1. The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services, a Compensation, | SECTION. 1. The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services, a Compensation, | ||
| - | SECTION. 2. The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, | + | SECTION. 2. The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, |
| In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, | In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, | ||
| The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, | The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, | ||
| - | |||
| - | *This clause has been affected by amendment XI. | ||
| SECTION. 3. Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court. | SECTION. 3. Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court. | ||
| Line 2130: | Line 2069: | ||
| A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall on Demand of the executive Authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime. | A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall on Demand of the executive Authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime. | ||
| - | No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due.< | + | No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due.((This clause has been affected by amendment XII.)) |
| SECTION. 3. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress. | SECTION. 3. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress. | ||
| Line 2140: | Line 2079: | ||
| ARTICLE. V. | ARTICLE. V. | ||
| - | The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, | + | The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, |
| - | + | ||
| - | *This clause has been affected by amendment XII. | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in three fourths thereof, as a of Ratification may be proposed by the one or the other Mode Congress; Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article; and that no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate. | + | |
| ARTICLE. VI. | ARTICLE. VI. | ||
| Line 2270: | Line 2205: | ||
| Attest: WILLIAM JACKSON, // | Attest: WILLIAM JACKSON, // | ||
| - | **AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, PROPOSED BY CONGRESS, AND RATIFIED BY THE LEGISLATURES OF THE SEVERAL STATES, PURSUANT TO THE FIFTH ARTICLE OF THE ORIGINAL CONSTITUTION **<sup>**12**</ | + | **AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, PROPOSED BY CONGRESS, AND RATIFIED BY THE LEGISLATURES OF THE SEVERAL STATES, PURSUANT TO THE FIFTH ARTICLE OF THE ORIGINAL CONSTITUTION **(( |
| + | Ratification was completed December 15, 1791. | ||
| + | The amendments were subsequently ratified by legislatures of Massachusetts, | ||
| - | AMENDMENT [I.] < | + | AMENDMENT [I.] ((Only the 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th amendments had numbers assigned to them at the time of ratification.)) |
| Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. | Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. | ||
| Line 2290: | Line 2227: | ||
| AMENDMENT [V.] | AMENDMENT [V.] | ||
| - | No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor | + | No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. |
| - | + | ||
| - | *The first ten amendments to the Constitution of the United States (and two others, one of which failed of ratification and the other which later became the 27th amendment) were proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the First Congress on September 25, 1789. The first ten amendments were ratified by the following States, and the notifications of ratification by the Governors thereof were successively communicated by the President to Congress: New Jersey, November 20, 1789; Maryland, December 19, 1789; North Carolina, December 22, 1789; South Carolina, January 19, 1790; New Hampshire, January 25, 1790; Delaware, January 28, 1790; New York, February 24, 1790; Pennsylvania, | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | Ratification was completed December 15, 1791. | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | The amendments were subsequently ratified by legislatures of Massachusetts, | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | *Only the 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th amendments had numbers assigned to them at the time of ratification. | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. | + | |
| AMENDMENT [VI.] | AMENDMENT [VI.] | ||
| Line 2336: | Line 2263: | ||
| AMENDMENT [XII.] | AMENDMENT [XII.] | ||
| - | The Electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-president, | + | The Electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-president, |
| PROPOSAL AND RATIFICATION | PROPOSAL AND RATIFICATION | ||
| Line 2345: | Line 2272: | ||
| The amendment was subsequently ratified by Tennessee, July 27, 1804. | The amendment was subsequently ratified by Tennessee, July 27, 1804. | ||
| - | |||
| - | *This sentence has been superseded by section 3 of amendment XX. | ||
| The amendment was rejected by Delaware, January 18, 1804; Massachusetts, | The amendment was rejected by Delaware, January 18, 1804; Massachusetts, | ||
| Line 2370: | Line 2295: | ||
| SECTION. 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or communities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. | SECTION. 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or communities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. | ||
| - | SECTION. 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age,< | + | SECTION. 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age,((See amendment XIX and section 1 of amendment XXVI.)) |
| - | + | ||
| - | *See amendment XIX and section 1 of amendment XXVI. | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State. | + | |
| SECTION. 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, | SECTION. 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, | ||
| Line 2442: | Line 2363: | ||
| The amendment was rejected by Utah (and not subsequently ratified) on February 26, 1913. | The amendment was rejected by Utah (and not subsequently ratified) on February 26, 1913. | ||
| - | AMENDMENT [XVIII.] | + | AMENDMENT [XVIII.] |
| SECTION. 1. After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, | SECTION. 1. After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, | ||
| Line 2452: | Line 2373: | ||
| PROPOSAL AND RATIFICATION | PROPOSAL AND RATIFICATION | ||
| - | The eighteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Sixty-fifth Congress, on the 18th of December, 1917, and was declared, in a proclamation of the Secretary of State, dated the 29th of January, 1919, to have been ratified by the legislatures of 36 of the 48 States. The dates of ratification were: Mississippi, | + | The eighteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Sixty-fifth Congress, on the 18th of December, 1917, and was declared, in a proclamation of the Secretary of State, dated the 29th of January, 1919, to have been ratified by the legislatures of 36 of the 48 States. The dates of ratification were: Mississippi, |
| - | + | ||
| - | *Repealed by section 1 of amendment XXI. | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | January 11, 1918; Kentucky, January 14, 1918; North Dakota, January 25, 1918; South Carolina, January 29, 1918; Maryland, February 13, 1918; Montana, February 19, 1918; Texas, March 4, 1918; Delaware, March 18, 1918; South Dakota, March 20, 1918; Massachusetts, | + | |
| 368, 376 (1921). | 368, 376 (1921). | ||
| Line 2480: | Line 2397: | ||
| AMENDMENT [XX.] | AMENDMENT [XX.] | ||
| - | SECTION. 1. The terms of the President and Vice President shall end at noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms of Senators and Representatives at noon on the 3d day of January, of the years | + | SECTION. 1. The terms of the President and Vice President shall end at noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms of Senators and Representatives at noon on the 3d day of January, of the years in which such terms would have ended if this article had not been ratified; and the terms of their successors shall then begin. |
| - | + | ||
| - | in which such terms would have ended if this article had not been ratified; and the terms of their successors shall then begin. | + | |
| SECTION. 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall begin at noon on the 3d day of January, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. | SECTION. 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall begin at noon on the 3d day of January, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. | ||
| Line 2598: | Line 2513: | ||
| SECTION. 4. Whenever the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive departments or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall immediately assume the powers and duties of the office as Acting President. | SECTION. 4. Whenever the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive departments or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall immediately assume the powers and duties of the office as Acting President. | ||
| - | Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that no inability exists, he shall resume the powers and duties of his office unless the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive department | + | Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that no inability exists, he shall resume the powers and duties of his office unless the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive department |
| PROPOSAL AND RATIFICATION | PROPOSAL AND RATIFICATION | ||
| Line 2611: | Line 2526: | ||
| The amendment was subsequently ratified by Connecticut, | The amendment was subsequently ratified by Connecticut, | ||
| - | |||
| - | *So in original. Probably be %%'' | ||
| CERTIFICATION OF VALIDITY | CERTIFICATION OF VALIDITY | ||
| Line 2660: | Line 2573: | ||
| [EDITORIAL NOTE: There is some conflict as to the exact dates of ratification of the amendments by the several States. In some cases, the resolutions of ratification were signed by the officers of the legislatures on dates subsequent to that on which the second house had acted. In other cases, the Governors of several of the States %%'' | [EDITORIAL NOTE: There is some conflict as to the exact dates of ratification of the amendments by the several States. In some cases, the resolutions of ratification were signed by the officers of the legislatures on dates subsequent to that on which the second house had acted. In other cases, the Governors of several of the States %%'' | ||
| - | **PROPOSED AMENDMENTS TO THE** | + | ===== PROPOSED AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION NOT RATIFIED BY THE STATES |
| - | + | ||
| - | **CONSTITUTION NOT RATIFIED BY THE STATES** | + | |
| During the course of our history, in addition to the 27 amendments that have been ratified by the required three-fourths of the States, six other amendments have been submitted to the States but have not been ratified by them. | During the course of our history, in addition to the 27 amendments that have been ratified by the required three-fourths of the States, six other amendments have been submitted to the States but have not been ratified by them. | ||
| Line 2740: | Line 2651: | ||
| %%'' | %%'' | ||
| - | INDEX | + | ===== INDEX ===== |
| + | <WRAP center round info 60%> | ||
| + | The page numbers in the Index refer to the page numbers in the printed or PDF version and have no relevance on this Wiki page. | ||
| + | Use the browser search to find words or phrases in this page. | ||
| + | </ | ||
| [The terms are cross-referenced to the question numbers in the text. The terms with an asterisk (*) are also included in the Glossary of Legislative Terms in the Appendix.] | [The terms are cross-referenced to the question numbers in the text. The terms with an asterisk (*) are also included in the Glossary of Legislative Terms in the Appendix.] | ||
| Line 3303: | Line 3218: | ||
| War Powers* (//See also// Armed Forces; President) 53, | War Powers* (//See also// Armed Forces; President) 53, | ||
| + | {{page>: | ||
documents/external/our-american-government-2003.txt · Last modified: 2021/02/23 16:14 by 127.0.0.1